Catering Thesis - 2634 Words

ANALYSIS OF CHOOSING CATERING SERVICES AS AN IDEAL SOLUTION FOR MOST FILIPINO EVENTS A Term Paper Presented to (Name of your professor here) Department of (Name of your school faculty in this subject) City University of Pasay In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for (Subject) Term (No.), school year 2012 -2013 by (Your Name) (Section) Abstract With the Philippines choice of their own events, people are becoming ideal of this kind of catering services to have their own alternatives of food and location. Such an alternative for this is that catering provides what choice of food to be served and location and meet up can be made without any problems at all. These qualities of catering have made it popular among consumers who are†¦show more content†¦Even before the US gained its independence, the colonies had many eateries. Places like general stores often also would sell food for people to eat right in the shop. Today many places have included the idea of shopping and eating. Many department stores have contracted other business to sell the food. For example Malls target other food services like Chowking Restaurant to sell in their establishments. As time progressed more public places such as hospitals started to serve often low-grade meals to those coming and going or working there. Other places such as colleges wou ld serve their students in a â€Å"family-style† where the food would be brought out and the students would pass the dishes around. After World War II the food service industry really took off. Institutions, schools, and even non-food related businesses started to serve. Another thing that took off was the fast-food or quick-service idea. This included things like McDonalds or Wendy’s. Other business like Tamayo’s Catering Service, Restaurants and Flower Shop and Josiah’s Catering incorporated the concept of buffets with to-go or doggie-bags. In each of these places the development of menus has been vital to the success of the establishment. Menus are simply a list of items that an establishment serves. Trends in the Food ServiceShow MoreRelatedProblems Encountered in Entering a Catering Business6280 Words   |  26 PagesENCOUNTERED IN ESTABLISHING A CATERING BUSINESS A Research Paper Presented to The Faculty of the English Department Polytechnic University of Quezon City Novaliches, Quezon City In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Subject English 123 Jennefer T. Macasa Abigaille P. Marcelo Charmaine D. Gaspar Ernie Bacaran Jerry Mar Gelizon Lady Lyn E. Lupango March 2009 i APPROVAL SHEET This thesis entitled PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN ESTABLISHING A CATERING BUSINESS, PREPARED AND SUBMITTEDRead MoreEdward’s Restaurant and Sir George’s Catering Case Analysis Essay15385 Words   |  62 Pages03/13/2013 Edward’s Restaurant and Sir George’s Catering Case Analysis General Environment Demographic: Industry: Demographic factors are favorable to the restaurant industry. Approximately 52% of the 1993 population in the area was 60 years of age or over. This was considered the restaurant’s main target market. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the number of people taking up permanent residence in the valley increased dramatically for various reasons. The climate was attractiveRead MoreEdwards Restaurant and Sir Georges Catering Case Study15360 Words   |  62 PagesEdward’s Restaurant and Sir George’s Catering Case Analysis General Environment Demographic: Industry: Demographic factors are favorable to the restaurant industry. Approximately 52% of the 1993 population in the area was 60 years of age or over. This was considered the restaurant’s main target market. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the number of people taking up permanent residence in the valley increased dramatically for various reasons. The climate was attractive for growing populationRead MoreNike Research Paper1194 Words   |  5 Pagesget people to purchase their products, but the concept does come back to the original thesis. I believe that this is a brilliant strategy, because with a company as large and omnipresent as Nike, it would be very easy to get lost in the minutae. My Own Web Page A business that I have always wanted to start would be a cupcake food truck. The mobile food truck business which is also known as the catering truck or mobile kitchen or restaurant on wheels. The mobile food vendor business is aRead Morekindergarten1034 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿THESIS TITLE PROPOSAL TITLE: The Level of Mother Tongue-Based Reading Readiness of Kindergarten Pupils of Cabatuan East Central School SY 2013-2014 Proponent: OPIDO, Patson P. Statement of the Problem This study attempts to assess the level of reading readiness in the mother tongue of Kindergarten Pupils of Cabatuan East Central School SY 2013-2014. Specifically, this study attempts to give answer to: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: a. age b. gender c. motherRead MoreHow to Plan a Wedding on a Budget978 Words   |  4 PagesBased on the research that I’ve seen, establishing the necessities for a wedding can drain your pockets. I can tell you from personal experience that weddings are expensive. Saving time and money by creating your own event is helpful to anyone. III. Thesis Statement: I will discuss how to plan a wedding on a budget by using resources such as the internet, and shopping around to get your money’s worth. IV. Preview Statement: During the minutes that follow, I will tell you how save on a wedding thatRead MoreKhepera Charter School Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pagescan drastically change the way instruction is taught within the classroom. Technological resources also enhance the delivery of instruction for special education students as well. The thesis of this paper is to identify the need to update Khepera Charter School’s technology by using a need analysis. From the thesis, this paper will address the learner’s characteristics for the needs, a practical analysis, and objectives for the identified need. The ability to identify the need for Khepera CharterRead MoreChange Analysis Vision802 Words   |  4 Pageswell as the cost associated with the project. NHARMONIC PRODUCTIONS 2011 NHARMONIC PRODUCTIONS 2011 By Abayomi Oluwole Submitted to Dr. Susan Orr on November 20, 2011 Requirement for Course Project Part 1 Executive Summary This thesis formulates a cost estimate and schedule for organizing a musical concert and recording to complement an annual festival which has attracted a global recognition as well and served as an avenue to unify different cultures and backgrounds; using musicRead MoreDubai Refreshments Company, The Sole Franchisee And Distributor For Pepsi Co1437 Words   |  6 PagesThesis Statement Dubai Refreshments Company, the sole franchisee and distributor for Pepsi Co. in UAE, is facing serious government regulations owing to various environmental and health hazards arising from the company’s manufacturing process and from excessive consumption of soft drinks, respectively. The company should resort to floating the market with healthier alternatives and making use of improved recycling practices to prevent losing market share to competitors. Company’s History and GrowthRead MoreThe UK Publishing Industry and Digital Technology: Effects of Emerging Trends and Innovations1421 Words   |  6 Pagesanswers. It will cater in getting an idea that how a respondent might react to the questions asked and the reason behind his reaction too. Structured and semi-structured format would be utilized as the combination of these two formats will result in catering us with much detailed and flexible answers which might not be obtained by us through any other method. Statistical data would be obtained through the use of structured format. Sampling: Saunders et al. (2012) put forward that whenever a research

The Invisible Woman Female Directors in Hollywood

Film scholar Louis Gianetti says, â€Å"In the field of cinema, the achievement of the Women’s Movement [of the 1960’s] has been considerable, though most present-day feminists would insist that there is still much to be accomplished in the battle against patriarchal values† (428). Gianetti’s words are an understatement. Women in Hollywood are underrated, underrepresented, and generally shoved into the background of the film industry. However, with film becoming one of the most pervasive and influential art forms of the 21st century, women’s leadership in the film industry is vital not only to the feminist movement, but to the perception of the modern female overall. With the advent of the internet, digital media and film have become much†¦show more content†¦It seems that women are routinely kicked out of the director’s chair in favor of a male contemporary. For example, Pixar Animation Studios (famously producing such films as Toy Story, and Wall-E), notorious for its conspicuously male-centric films and its exclusively male directors, is currently producing its first female-centric film, Brave. Appropriately enough, they hired Brenda Chapman, director of the widely acclaimed Prince of Egypt, to direct the film. Chapman and Pixar parted ways over a year ago after citing â€Å"creative differences† and Pixar quickly replaced their lost female director with Mark Andrews whose directing resume only includes short films (LA Times). Of the 14 feature-length films Pixar Animation Studios has produced, Brave is the only film to have contributions by a female director. Another recent example is Catherine Hardwicke, the direct or of teen girl mega-hit Twilight. Hardwicke was fired by Summit Entertainment and replaced by a male director for the film’s sequel, New Moon, despite the fact that she directed Twilight into a successful, profitable film franchise (Deadline). Hardwicke has only directed one film since 2008’s Twilight. According to a study by the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film, only female directors only made up 5% of directors in the 250 highest-grossing films, which isShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality : Gender Pay Gap975 Words   |  4 PagesThe gender pay gap in Hollywood The gender pay gap is the difference in pay earned by men and the pay earned by women.( Pay Equity Commission, 2012). There are various ways in measuring the pay gap between genders, such as full- time or full- year wage. Statistics Canada data ( 2012) displayed that the gender pay gap in Ontario was 26% for full- time and full- year employments, which means for every C$1 earned by a man, a woman earned 74 cents( Pay Equity Commission,2012).The pay gap has been narrowingRead MoreEssay about Hollywoods Take on the Civil War1911 Words   |  8 Pagesbackground music and extravagant acting. Rather than categorizing Gone with The Wind as a civil war film, it is evident that the motion picture belongs in the drama/ romance genre. Predominantly, Gone with the Wind focuses on the life of a southern female woman. The American Civil War is merely discussed when the war affects her personal life. Released in 1915, Birth of a Nation became America’s first full length film. The three hour silent movie reflected on two families, one from the south and oneRead MoreGender Roles Of The American Film And Television Industry3106 Words   |  13 Pagesroles are based on standards expected of males and females. Men are considered to be financial providers, career motivated and aggressive. Whereas women have been represented as low position workers, loving wives and mothers. Despite television programs and films that attempt to promote positive concepts about gender, male superiority over women is still a reoccurring theme. Television programs and films are continuing to reinforce the image of female inferiority. The oppressive representation of womenRead MoreEssay on Construction of Characters2044 Words   |  9 Pages we have to select an era in which such values were present by default. At the same time this new time frame must be familiar to us in the historical sense so that we easily make our connections to the events which occurred during that time. The director chose Britain in the 1930s. The similarities are almost eerie. 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In â€Å"Film Shows Students Battle Racism for Mixed Prom†, Michelle Nichols stated, â€Å"As Barack Obama campaigned to become the first black U.S. President, teenagers in the small Mississippi hometown of Hollywood star Morgan Freeman battled racism to hold their high school’s first integrated prom.† The assumption that racism no longer exists is false. Racism still exists to the highest degree. Even in the 21st century, prom -- an annual dance for graduatingRead More Gender Dichotomies on MTV Essay4969 Words   |  20 Pagesperformer or extra in a music video worthless aside from his or her sexual appeal. Please note that I did say his or her, but by the end of my paper you will know that, statistically, the overwhelming number of individuals whom are sexualized are female. I believe something needs to be done to stop this, but others do not perceive these sexual video images as a threat. 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Theoretical Extension of Technology †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Theoretical Extension of Technology. Answer: Introduction If it is anything to go by, the construction industry is currently experiencing a revolution that is likely to transform its outlook. The performance of construction is likely to change in future, especially with the continued innovation and adoption of new technologies in the construction and building industry. Rivard (2002) conducted a research survey on the present and future use of information technology.[i] The author sought to investigate the implications for IT on engineering, building and construction, and architecture in the Canadian market. The findings from the study indicated that there was increased computerization of the business processes and a tendency to increase investments in the IT infrastructure. Recent technological transformations in the construction industry include the increased use of virtual reality, business information modeling (BIM), augmented reality, 3D printing, gaming technology, robots and robotic exoskeletons, among other emerging technologies (Nikas, Poulymenakou Kriaris, 2007).[ii] Issues driving the development, introduction, adoption and application of new and emerging technologies within the building and construction industries include rising energy costs, the environmental concerns, the construction boom, high construction costs, rising accidents at work and reducing natural resources (Mitropoulos Tatum, 1999).[iii] 3D printing technology is increasingly becoming popular in addressing majority of these issues and concerns in the construction industry. This section highlights a review of research methods the researcher will use to achieve the purpose of the study. This is a detail review and description of the methods that will be utilized together with the supporting literature to justify their choice and relevance. The researcher will use the qualitative research approach for the aim, goal and objectives of the study and the identified research problem (Huberman, 1985).[iv] The qualitative research approach focuses on collection of subjective information, feelings and experiences of people, subjects and phenomenon in their natural settings. A qualitative investigation creates opportunities for uncovering underlying facts, understanding the incidents, reasons and justifications for pursuing the research question and problems. The focus is on collection of data, meanings and processes that is not easy to measure using experiments or quantitative techniques. The emphasis in quantitative research is to collect insights and information on the social reality, with a major focus on the relationship, links and associations existing between the research, the process of investigation, the subject investigated, and the situational factors that influence the inquiry. The proposed study seeks to understand 3D printing technology, its adoption and potential to revolutionize the future of the construction and building industry in Australia. This study will require the researcher to have a detailed and in depth understanding of the contextual factors relevant to the local Australian construction industry that affect the adoption of the 3D printing technology, and influence of perceptions concerning how easy it is to use the technology and the usefulness and potential for revolutionizing the future of the industry. This information can only collected through a qualitative approach that takes advantage of perceptions, experiences and attitudes surrounding the adoption, application and use of the technology in constructing buildings in Australia. Since experiences, attitudes and perceptions of the future of 3D printing, especially in relation to the building and construction field is critical to this study, the researcher deems the qualitative approach as relevant and appropriate for attainment of the purpose of the investigation (Succar, 2009).[v] The explorative research design will enable the researcher to examine and address the objectives and purpose of the proposed study. Since a few studies have been conducted concerning the development, adoption, use and application of 3D printing in constructing buildings in Australia, the exploratory research design will be appropriate in collecting primary information about the research problem. The exploratory design allows the researcher to gain insights and relevant familiarity with the research topic necessary for conducting a concise investigation of the research problem. Therefore, the exploratory design will enable the researcher to develop familiarity with the concerns surrounding the use, adoption and application of 3D printing in constructing buildings in Australia. The exploratory research design will also enable the researcher to establish ideas, assumptions and develop tentative theoretical foundations to guide future research considerations. Therefore, the exploratory r esearch will be deemed relevant and appropriate design to attain the purpose of the proposed study. In order to conduct the exploratory study, the researcher will use semi-structured interviews with industrial experts and practitioners in Australian construction industry who have experienced the use of 3D printing technology. The participants will be used to validate the developed research questions, provide insights concerning barriers of adoption of 3D printing technology and its potential for revolutionizing the future of the construction industry in Australia. Semi-structured interviews are useful when the researcher aims to collect focused, qualitative and relevant data from the various research participants in the study. Researchers using semi-structured interviews have flexibility and freedom to explore open ended questions in collecting data, analyzing, developing and refining the research question to address the research question, problem and objectives. The semi-structured interviews will be important in moving from the general question where there is limited information about the subject or research problem and establish specific factors and variables to explore in the proposed study. Lastly, semi-structured interviews are important in unearthing and describing existing links and relationships and theoretical background necessary for developing a concise approach to further investigations. Given these and many other benefits, the researcher deemed the semi-structured interview method as relevant, effective and appropriate for collecting information necessary for attainment of the proposed research. The study population will be top and middle management employees from 5 construction industries in Australia with prior experience in implementing 3D printing technology. Purposive sampling technique will be employed in selecting companies and participants that fulfill the inclusion criteria to form the subjects of the study for collection of primary qualitative data. Only companies in the construction industry will participate in the study. Moreover, only companies with prior history and experience in implementing 3D printing technology will participate in the study. The sample size will be n=10 (5 firms, 2 employees from each firm, male and female). The employees will have 5 years working in the building industry, constructing houses and using 3D printing technology. The study will involve middle and top level employees who have considerable influence regarding the adoption and application of 3D printing technology in the company and have experience concerning the potential of 3D printing in revolutionizing the approaches and methods used in constructing buildings in Australia. The proposed study will use self-administered semi-structured questions through face-to-face interviews and interview schedules to collect primary data (DiCicco?Bloom and Crabtree, 2006).[vi] The interview shall comprise 25 semi-structured questions carefully designed to attain the purpose of the study. The questions will be open ended, allowing the respondents and study participants to share their opinions, perceptions and experiences in an a free environment. The questions shall be self-administered and each interview will take appropriately 45 minutes. Prior to the commencement of the study, the researcher will seek permission from the ethics review committee to carry out the investigation. The profiled construction firms will receive official invitations to participate, and only those that accept will be included in the study. The respondents will be provided with informed consent, explaining the purpose of the study, the nature of information to be collected and their rights to voluntarily end their participation in the study. Consent will be sought to tape record the sessions during the interview with the participants for the purpose of the study. In order to safeguard respondents privacy and confidentiality, their personal profiles will be deleted after the interviews and they will be assigned unique identification codes, and their names or personal information excluded from the final report. For the purpose of the proposed study, content analysis will be conducted to aid in analyzing the qualitative data collected. The researcher will identify the common quotes, assign them codes, develop categories for predominant themes, and establish relationships among the different categories using mapping approach (Graneheim and Lundman, 2004; Huberman, 1985).[vii] There are several barriers to the adoption and implementation of new software or technology in any specific field or industry. According to Butler and Sellborn (2002), the complexity of workplaces and the challenges in the control of IT creates significant challenges in its actual implementation.[viii] Regardless of investment in any new technology, its implementation and adoption may fail to meet the satisfactory levels due to inherent barriers that limit its adoption, application, use and potential in revolutionizing the targeted area or industry (Butler Sellborn, 2002).[ix] The technology acceptance theory developed by Davis (1989) will be important in investigating the engineers behavioral intensions to adopt and use 3D printing technology.[x] According to the theory, people embrace new technology based on the perception that it is easy to use and that it is actually useful to their current problems. Hence, the theory will aid in understanding the perceptions surrounding the use of 3D printing in the building and construction industry. Moreover, the study will be informed by the extended technology acceptance theory that supports exploration of the subjective norms influencing the use intentions of new technology (Venkatesh Davis, 2000).[xi] The theory will underscore the subjective norms that inform and influence the use of 3D printing in the building and construction industry. There is a collective believe that 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize and transform the entire construction industry (Bogue, 2013).[xii] 3D printing technology lies within the broad category of additive fabrication that is increasingly becoming popular product manufacturing, design and fabrication of medical, aerospace, jewellery and toy markets (Bogue, 2013).[xiii] Previously used by clients, designers and architects in modeling and conceptualizing building designs, 3D printing is increasingly becoming common in construction of real buildings (Dini, Chiarugi Nannini, 2006).[xiv] According to Dini, Chiarugi and Nannini (2006), marketing firms have created several 3D printing construction machines since 1969.[xv] 3D printing is considered the fastest and most cost-effective technology in manufacturing and construction (Petrick Simpson, 2013).[xvi] While 3D printing technology has been around for decades and significant resources have been invested to develop and improve its applications, it is only recently that the technology has began achieving its potential in terms of pricing and versatility. The manufacturing benefits of 3D printing technology have been documented in numerous research publications. According to Bogue (2013), 3D printing has the potential to transform the fundamentals of product development, design and manufacturing.[xvii] In fact, the 3D printing technology can be applied in virtually all industries, including manufacturing, aircraft, vehicle, and jewellery. Engineers and architects have made little effort to highlight the potential and application of 3D printing technology in the construction industry (Soar, 2006).[xviii] Nevertheless, there is limited focus on the design and development of 3D printing technology for architectural design and construction of buildings (Pasquire, Soar Gibb, 2006).[xix] A major contributor to this issue is the fact that 3D printing technology is a relatively new field, which implies that very little academic and scholarly research and focus has been directed towards the use, application and value of 3D printing for engineers and constructors engaged in constructing buildings. Consequently, the body of knowledge and research on the subject is very limited. The lack of qualitative and quantitative evidence on the state, and use of 3D printing, especially in the local Australian construction and building development industry implies that this subject remains unexplored, creating a gap for future research. Mo reover, the potential and limitations of 3D printing technology in the future of construction industry remains unknown leaving speculations concerning its possibility of increasing efficiency, improving performance and creating sustainable customer value. The above gaps create opportunities for further research on the subject. The proposed study will attempt to fill the identified gaps by focusing the investigation the application possibilities and limitations of 3D printing technology within the building subsector of the construction industry. Moreover, little research and academic investigations exist concerning the use of 3D printing by architectures and contracting firms involved in constructing buildings in Australia. The proposed study will seek to discover issues such as perceptions, experiences, and subjective norms of the engineers and professionals who use 3D printing. Furthermore, the study will investigate the perception of the professionals concerning how it easy it is to use 3D printing and their perceptions concerning the positive effects and limitations created by 3D printing. It will be important to investigate the perceived intention to use and the perceived potential of using 3D printing to revolutionize the constru ction of buildings in the future of Australia. The proposed study will investigate the adoption and use of 3D printing in the construction and building industry. The research will focus on the potential and limitations provided by 3D printing in revolutionizing the future of the construction industry. A qualitative study of the potential positive effects and limitations of 3D printing will be critical towards attaining the purpose of this study. Following the literature review and gaps indentified above, the researcher identified a number of research problems for further investigation. The research problems have been formulated in the form of research questions that the proposed study seeks to address. These include: How can 3D printing technology be adopted in the construction industry in Australia? How can 3D printing technology revolutionize the future of construction industry in Australia? What are the factors hindering the adopting the adoption of 3D printing technology in construction industry in Australia? What are the factors contributing and supporting the adoption and use of 3D printing within the construction and building industry in Australia? The adoption and application of 3D printing technology in Australian construction industry is still at infancy stage. 3D printing can significantly revolutionize the entire construction industry, yet little research focus has been directed towards understanding its effects and power in shaping the future of the industry in Australia. This study is significant because it address the lack of knowledge of the application of 3D printing technology in Australia, and contributes to a body of literature on the potential of 3D to revolutionize the future of the construction industry. The research proposal is limited to the principles governing the adoption and application of new technologies within the construction industry, and specifically the building of houses. Hence, other areas of construction such as roads, railways or other related infrastructure will be beyond the scope of the investigation. These technologies, especially 3D printing can create radical change and paradigm shift in the design and construction process. The proposed research will focus on the application of 3D printing and the expected impact in constructing buildings in Australia. The proposed research will not delve into detailed description of all the new technologies. Instead, the scope of the study will be limited to 3D printing technology. Moreover, the study will not provide detailed description of how 3D printers work and how to use them. In addition, the study will not seek to examine the various types of 3D printing technologies, explanations of their suitability and the durability of the structured constructed using these technologies. This is because the 3D printing technologies are still new and under continuous development, which implies that their functionality and potential will keep evolving as they attain maturity. The proposed study will use qualitative research design, which is likely to affect the credibility of data and findings from the study. It will be very difficult to conduct empirical analyses and establish generalizations of the data to the entire construction industry. Future research will benefit from combining qualitative and quantitative methods to collect more reliable and credible data. Moreover, the study will use sampling technique, which will likely introduce the problem of selection bias and the risks of selecting samples that are not representative of the entire population. In addition, the study will use a small sample size (n=10), which will likely raise concerns regarding the accuracy and reliability of the data collected, and the acceptability of the findings by the experts in the field of 3D printing technology and Australian construction industry. Future research would benefit more with increasing the sample size thus collecting information from as many practitioners in the industry as possible. The main term utilized in the proposed study is 3D printing, which implies using 3-dimentional modeling to make physical objects. The proposed study will make 2 assumptions: 3D printing technology is currently being utilized in the construction industry in Australia 3D printing technology has wide applications and uses across different building having varied specifications The chart below provides the schedule of activities and plans that will be followed in conducting the proposed study. The completion of the study will depend on the approval from the professor and the university ethics committee to conduct the investigation. The first set of activities involving the development and refining of the research problem and question has been completed. This draft represents the next phase of the project, which is development of the research proposal. The rest of the activities are highlighted together with the timelines in months when they will be accomplished. Activity May June July August Sept Oct Nov Refine research problem and question Done Draft research proposal Approval of proposal Develop research tool Seek informed consent and approval Data collection Data analysis and interpretation Develop final research report Presentation of findings The qualitative study is feasible due to the lack of prior research and knowledge on the application of 3D printing in the construction and building industry in Australia. Since it is not possible to develop and test hypothesis resulting into quantifiable data, it would make sense to use qualitative methods to explore the study. The qualitative approach will be useful for collecting subjective data on the subject and developing a new theory. The schedule provided is also feasible. However, the completion of the study will depend on the timeliness of the approval of the proposal. The researcher is ready to roll out the project, and the use of few respondents creates room for completing the study within the schedule. References: Rivard, H. (2002). A survey on the impact of information technology in the Canadian architecture, engineering and construction industry.Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon),5(3), 37-56. Nikas, A., Poulymenakou, A., Kriaris, P. (2007). Investigating antecedents and drivers affecting the adoption of collaboration technologies in the construction industry.Automation in construction,16(5), 632-641 Mitropoulos, P., Tatum, C. B. (1999). Technology adoption decisions in construction organizations.Journal of construction engineering and management,125(5), 330-338. Huberman, M. (1985). Qualitative Data Analysis a Sourcebook of New Methods. Succar, B. (2009). Building information modelling framework: A research and delivery foundation for industry stakeholders.Automation in construction,18(3), 357-375. DiCicco?Bloom, B., Crabtree, B. F. (2006). The qualitative research interview.Medical education,40(4), 314-321. Graneheim, U. H., Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness.Nurse education today,24(2), 105-112. Butler, D. L., Sellbom, M. (2002). Barriers to adopting technology.Educause Quarterly,2, 22-28. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology.MIS quarterly, 319-340. Venkatesh, V., Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management science,46(2), 186-204. Bogue, R. (2013). 3D printing: the dawn of a new era in manufacturing?.Assembly Automation,33(4), 307-311 Dini, E., Chiarugi, M., Nannini, R. (2006).Method and device for building automatically conglomerate structures. U.S. Patent Application No. 11/908,993. Petrick, I. J., Simpson, T. W. (2013). 3D printing disrupts manufacturing: how economies of one create new rules of competition.Research-Technology Management,56(6), 12-16. Bogue, R. (2013). 3D printing Soar, R. (2006). Additive Manufacturing technologies for the Construction Industry.Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age, 249-273. Pasquire, C. L., Soar, R. C., Gibb, A. G. F. (2006). Beyond prefabrication-the potential of next generation technologies to make a step change in construction manufacturing. In:Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction.UNSPECIFIED, pp. 243-254

Long-term health effects of Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs not as dire as perceived free essay sample

Radioactive or radiation word became widely known around the middle of the 20th century, after the atomic bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and we all have seen the consequences. The fact that radiation has a detrimental effect on human health is no longer a secret. When the radioactive radiation passes through the human body or when contaminated substances enter the body, the energy of the waves and particles is transferred to our tissues and from there to the cells. As a result of this, there is a change in the activities of cells. Everything depends on the radiation dose received, the state of human health and the duration of the exposure.For ionizing radiation, there are no barriers in the body to stop the radiations, so any molecule can be exposed to radioactive effects, the consequences of which can be very diverse. Excitation of individual atoms can lead to the exchange of some substances into others, causes biochemical shifts, genetic disorders, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Long-term health effects of Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs not as dire as perceived or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The defeat of individual groups of proteins in the cell can cause cancer, as well as genetic mutations, transmitted through several generations. The impact of small doses of radiation is very difficult to detect because the effect of this is manifested in tens of years.Radiations affect the tissues of bone marrow, lungs, gastric mucosa, intestines, and genitals actively. Irradiated people often suffer from cancer, sexual dysfunction irradiated men often have erectile dysfunction (impotence) and prostate cancer, weak immunity for various diseases, loss of vision, there may be a violation metabolism and a whole range of diseases that are directly or indirectly affected by radiation exposure. People who have been in a zone with an increased radiation background should e checked regularly at the doctor and it’s important to analyze any observed abnormalities in their well-being.Even the smallest doses of irradiation cause irreversible genetic changes that are transmitted from generation to generation, lead to the development of Downs syndrome, epilepsy, the appearance of other defects of mental and physical development. Particularly frightening is that food products and household items are also exposed to radiation contamination.The device that measures the level of radiation is called a dosimeter, this device is simply necessary for people living in regions with nuclear power plants in areas where there are or when there were any testing military ranges if there are things in the house when those who have been in radioactive zones, etc. The dosimeter will help determine the level of radiation background in the house, apartment or on the street, as well as determin e the source of radiation, if any, in your home.

The American Civil War as the Turning Point in American History

Public Defender System

Public Defender System In reference to putting pressure on defendants to accept prosecutors plea deals: describe how the public defender system can operate more effectively, efficiently, and cost benefit Public defenders are all those prosecutors and attorneys who provide â€Å"legal representation of criminal defendants who are indigent (that is, those who are poor and cannot afford a lawyer)† (Levinson, 2002). There are lots of situations, which may considerably improve the public defender system.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Public Defender System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In case, when pressure is put on defendants to accept certain prosecutors plea deals, the public defender system has more chances to operate efficiently and effectively because of several reasons. First, psychological factor is one of the major ones, which turn out to be helpful during the cases. Defendants may be prepared to certain question s, however, it is not that difficult to catch them and start using some personal information to accept plea deal. This is why the psychological factor should be taken into consideration. Of course, to present more efficient public defender system, it is necessary to use the existed laws and present real life and legal examples of punishment. If this pressure does not have enough legal background, the results may be disappointing for any side. Putting pressure on defendants helps to incriminate even bigger criminals. Lots of defendants cannot even imagine that pressure during the case may lead to unpredictable confessions. However, prosecutors should take into consideration that this pressure may lead the defendant to accept a plea deal in exchange for real testimony. In this case, the case will get another course, and more evidences have to be gathered again. Taking into consideration the above-mentioned outcomes of pressure on defendants, it is possible to conclude that the public defender system may be improved, if prosecutors try to use checked evidences and proper psychological evaluation of the case. This is why prosecutors have to take psychological courses to ask the question and put pressure in a proper way.Advertising Looking for research paper on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In reference to heavy caseload per attorney: describe how the public defender system can operate more effectively, efficiently, and cost benefit Many people admit that heavy caseload per attorney is considered to be one the areas that considerably affect the public defender system. Heavy caseload per attorney may cause because of racial issues, as people of one race want to choose an attorney of the same race in order to be sure that the attorney of the same race will do more to protect a defendant. In this case, an attorney has not much time on each case, and the chances to present reliable and helpful in formation may decrease. Another reason of heavy caseload per attorney is the financial side. Some attorney ask more money for their services, however, lots of people do not have such sum of money, this is why those attorney, who try to meet and comprehend the financial troubles of defendants may have heavy caseload. To improve the public defender system, it is better to develop proper requirements for all attorneys in order to divide their duties and have the same amount of caseloads. When an attorney has enough time and energy to analyze the case, the results may be rather beneficial. Some attorneys have numerous friends, who are eager to find more help and support from a particular attorney. This is why close relations to the defendant may also decrease the level of attorney’s services: people try to look for some benefits even by means of friends and other people. To my mind, it is better to create a system that the work between the attorneys should be divided rationally: people should be prejudiced with the ideas of race inequality and gender discrimination. It is better for attorney to pass some tests to prove their devotion to the work but not to money or racial biases. In this case, the public defendant system will be much more beneficial.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Public Defender System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Levinson, D. (2002). Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment: Volumes I-IV. SAGE.

Relational Database Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Relational Database - Assignment Example This assists the user in matching the data with the help of common characteristics contained in the data set including the relation or tables. Relationships play a role in making the data more organized and manageable. This helps the user in perceiving the real concept of design of the database. This also increases the integrity of data through proper arrangement of the data which is logically related into distinct relations. Thinking about the efficiency of database and relationships is an essential component of the normalization process (yaldex.com, n.d.). A relationship is a prime component of the relational database as it develops an association between the logically related pair of tables. The data contained by each of the two tables is the bonding agent between the pair of tables. Relationship if properly defined promotes relationship-level integrity, that in turn ensures the reliability and strength of the relationship (eTutorials, 2012). In addition to that, relationships mak e it possible for the user to perform algebraic operations upon the tables. Division of the elements of a data into the related tables is one of the most challenging tasks of designing a relational database. Once the user is all set to begin work with the data, the user depends upon the relationships among individual tables so that the data can be pulled together in purposeful ways. For example, information about a particular order is of no use if the user does not know the customer who has placed it. Nevertheless, the customer and the information about his/her order are not stored in the same table. Instead of this, the user stores the customer data and the order in two tables that are interrelated. The very relationship between the tables is used to view both the order and the customer data simultaneously. Relationships are the cornerstone when the normalized tables play the role of foundations of the relational database Relationships also help prevent the redundant data in a rela tional database (Microsoft Support, 2011). Defining Relationships between Two Tables A very essential characteristic of the database design is the use of relationships between tables. Defining relationships between tables is very essential for efficient working of the system. â€Å"Relationships between tables are often missing for performance reasons† (Olson, 2009, p. 111). Relationships between two tables are defined through the database system which depends upon matching the values contained in the two tables. When matching values are located, the database system retrieves data from the two tables so that a virtual record can be established. For example, let’s suppose an individual wants to view all the perfumes made by a certain brand. In this example, the database system would locate matching values between the tables of Perfumes and Brands. It is noteworthy here that in a vast majority of cases, the record which results is dynamic that essentially means that chan ges which are made to the virtual record normally identify the path to the underlying table. The matching values that the database system finds include the foreign and primary key values. It is not necessary for a relational model to base the relationship upon a primary key. The user can make use of any candidate key from the table. However, the standard practice requires the use of primary key only. When the primary key of one table is put into another table, a foreign key is formed. All a user needs to do is add the field of the primary key as a foreign key to the

Promotion of Stroke and Heart Diseases Research Paper

Promotion of Stroke and Heart Diseases - Research Paper Example This essay therefore explores the aforementioned elements in detail. Promotion of stroke and heart diseases Stroke and heart diseases are the third and the first reported diseases respectively that result into high death rate in both men and women in the United States of America. Additionally, they are considered to be the major widespread and high cost diseases that most nations have to deal with. However, it is important for citizens to take the initiative in order to prevent these particular diseases. This is because these type of diseases can be easily prevented and thus reduce the death rates caused by the same. According to research carried out by Smoller et al (2007) 33.6 % of total number of deaths that occurred in the United States of America were as a result of either stroke or other forms of heart diseases. Statistics further indicates that 150,000 deaths that occurred in 2007 in American were individuals below the age of 65. Moreover the aforementioned diseases not only c ause death but also disability with more than 4 million cases in the United States has been caused by the same. ... merica (Smoller et al., 2007).Therefore, treatment of both stroke and heart diseases impacts negatively on the funds and other resources of the country’s health care scheme. However, over the past years the rate of death caused by stroke and heart related illness has reduced considerable in the United States of America. Therefore, it is expected to reduce even further by 2020. However, among certain populations the incidences of the diseases in addition to death rates have remained high. For instance it has been reported that the diseases is commonly prevalent among certain ethnic and racial groups to be specific individuals living in South Eastern regions of the United States of America and those who experience low social economic status. A study carried out by Smoller et al (2007) indicated that African Americans are at a risk of dying from cardiovascular disease as compared to their white counterparts. Additionally, the percentage of women diagnosed with stroke annually is higher than that of men. Moreover, another study carried out by Karasek (1996) reported that American Indian and natives from Alaska have reported high percentage of premature deaths as a result of heart diseases as compared to other ethnic or racial groups in the United States of America. It is important to note that stroke and other forms of heart diseases are easier to prevent rather than to treat. Therefore individuals need to lead a positive lifestyle (Karasek, 1996).Tobacco smoking is one of the factors that can increase the chances of one suffering from either heart disease or stroke. Hence individuals are encouraged to stop smoking. Moreover, people should have a healthy weight and ensure that they are physically active (Kawachi et al., 1994). More importantly, it is important for people

Discuss Shakespeares Essay Example for Free

Discuss Shakespeares Essay The women of Shakespearean literature have been known to have a strong emotional complexity, where each of them find themselves subject to adversities based around the powerful men who influence them. From Lady Annes striking romantic confusion in Richard III, to Violas challenges in morality throughout Twelfth Night, such a Shakespearean signature in portraying women persists in Hamlet; through Gertrude, a Queen dealing with her questionable actions and Ophelia, who struggles with the pressures of male authority. It should come as no surprise that although being a 16th century play, the exploration of female issues of tradition, misogyny, romance and mortality allows Hamlets treatment of women to maintain a highly significant relevance in todays modern world. Elizabethan women held very little social rights and power, with strict roles in child bearing and household duties allowing them to have very little say even within their own lives. Despite clearly being set in Denmark, Shakespeare who was writing during this time, extended this traditional roles to Ophelia and Gertrude. Ophelia in particular displays the role more strongly, with critic David Leverenz noting [Ophelia] has no choice but to say I shall obey, my lord'. In this example of Ophelias compliant nature, after her father, Polonius orders her to not give words or talk with Lord Hamlet- (I. 3), the reader is able to view the customary relationship between a woman and the male figures in her life. Though Gertrude does not give any particularly submissive dialogue, even she as Queen reinforces this relationship in her minimal speech in scenes for which she is not only present, but concerned. It is important for modern critics like Leverenz as well as critical feminist readers to recognize that Ophelia and Gertrude are not necessarily weak and passive in personal character, but instead they are reflection of women (especially royal women) who were oppressed of empowering traits by the socially acceptable customs. Readers should instead appreciate this traditional treatment of women, in not only allowing the men in positions of power to be focused on for the sake of theatrical entertainment and drama, but for also extensively juxtaposing with motifs of insanity, revenge, sin, and violence associated with the powerful male leads; King Claudius, the Ghost of King Hamlet and Prince Hamlet. Though Shakespeare has been regarded as a feminist due to his relatively respectful treatments of women, the existence of this respect in Hamlet has been debated ever since the plays inception. As previously stated, the traditional portrayal of obedient women cannot be taken out of context, however as the play increases in intensity, as does its treatment of women. In his very first soliloquy for which he reveals his anger towards his mothers marriage to his uncle two months after his fathers death, Hamlet makes the striking universal comment Frailty thy name is woman (I. 2). In an example of Shakespeares unparalleled literary craftsmanship, he supports this quote through their actions, how upon her husbands death, Gertrude immediately marries his brother and how after her relationship with Hamlet is doomed, Ophelia begins to go mad herself. The quote is also infamously regarded as the establishment of the plays theme of misogyny, the quote indicates how Gertrudes traditionally incestuous marriage to her late husbands brother has ruined his faith in women and love all together. In an almost Freudian pattern, Ophelia then becomes victim to his misogyny with Hamlets refusal to continue their relationship. More analytical readers would then go beyond this basic evaluation and then find possible interpretations of Hamlets treatment, or as it seems, mistreatment of women. Those sympathetic to Hamlets negative attitude to Ophelia would perceive it as a defense mechanism, where between his grief of his father and desire to please his father through revenge, he must then resort to such discrimination to avoid further pain. In contrast to this sympathetic reception, quotes such as Frailty thy name is woman and [tis brief, my lord].. as a womans love (III. 3) may be seen as to defy fictional character and be the manifestation of Shakespeares own personal opinion, though evidence for this in his marriage with Anne Hathaway is not very strong. Through either interpretation, it is undeniable that so far in the play the women have yet to find themselves in a state of happiness. Another significant aspect of Hamlets treatment of women, is how the currently negative treatment is extended to how Shakespeare portrays their sexuality. For instance, after Ophelia is warned to not lose your heart, or [her] chaste treasure open by her brother Laertes, she gives her virginity to Hamlet. When Hamlet discards marriage, she says with in a particularly distressed tone Quoth she, before you tumbled me, /You promised me to wed. /So would I ha done, by yonder sun, /An thou hadst not come to my bed -(IV. 5). During Act 3, Scene 2 when the mouse-trap play is taking place, Ophelia must also be subjected to Hamlets sexual innuendos such as Thats a fair thought to lie between maids legs. for which she cannot reply in order to remain as a respectable lady. Again, Shakespeare indicates another aspect of Elizabethan women, with how female sexuality was highly conservative and their virginity very strictly only being lost with marriage with those not doing so being thought of as a disgrace. The readers sympathy for Ophelia is therefore increased substantially, where, who then later tells her to get the to the nunnery (III. 1) which shows her as an exploited figure. Gertrudes sexual behaviour, more specifically her decision to marry Claudius, has come under immense scrutiny not only by Hamlet who defeminised her by saying A beast would have mourned longer , but also by critics viewing her as sinful and in blunt Elizabethan terms, a whore. Critic Rebecca Smith commented on how this view is commonly translated to stage productions where she is often played as a sensual and deceitful woman. For a balanced view on Gertrude, it is imperative to note how she too is attempting to deal with her grief and there is a great possibility she is doing this for reasons of maintaining her families power. As for being deceitful, Carolyn Heilbruns 1957 essay Hamlets Mother defends Gertrude, arguing that the text never hints that Gertrude knew of Claudius poisoning King Hamlet. . As Hamlet progresses towards its conclusion, instead of the female characters developments becoming positive, the plot continues to prove devastating for them. Ophelia, upon the death of Laertes and Polonius, as well as Hamlets mistreatment seems to drive herself into madness and her death by drowning. Although truly saddening, the way in which Shakespeare presents her death reveals the beauty which has been overshadowed by tragedy. In expected Shakespearean style, the poetic announcement given by Gertrude uses beautiful naturalistic imagery to testament to Ophelias femininity, with When down her weedy trophies and herself/Fell in the weeping brook. Her clothes spread wide;/And, mermaid-like, awhile they bore her up: /Which time she chanted snatches of old tunes;(IV. 7). From that point on she is referred to as beautiful and sweet by Hamlet and Gertrude respectively, further emphasizing her graceful nature. To directly juxtapose with this, is the death of Gertrude, who poisoned by her son makes her last words with grace, No, no, the drink, the drink! -O my dear Hamlet! /The drink, the drink! I am poisoned. (V. 2). Her elegant demise in the midst of the blood and violence could be seen as her true nature also obscured by the plays tragic events like Ophelia, where Shakespeare perhaps reveals the real personalities of the women upon their death. However Gertrude sympathetics, may acknowledge that the murder and negative perception of Gertrude by Hamlet whose state of mind is generally perceived as mad and insane, calling her a wretched queen may in fact be incorrect because of this therefore proving her relative innocence. Shakespeare in both their developments and deaths, shows a treatment of women where through the violence of their deaths they still maintain a pleasant feminine quality that is given a focus that was previously absent in the play. No matter the perceptive of the reader on the plays treatment of women, they should be able to appreciate Shakespeares realistic portrayal, where although he took creative liberties in some circumstances, he gave true Elizabethan indications of female traditional roles and sexual attitudes on women. It was through writing with conviction (not only through staying true to the context but in showing Ophelias and Gertrudes emotion and complexity) that the play attains its status of one of the best of his classics. The two women are thought to be superficial, but considering the devices such as tone, juxtaposition and imagery as well as analysing their character intentions and behaviour it should be extremely apparent that this is not true and that they obviously do display depth. Secondly, I feel that in the question of whether Shakespeare was a feminist or even a misogynist that the answer cannot be found in Hamlet where his treatment of women in Hamlet is actually neutral. The female characters were designed not for the reader to be focused on who they were, but for what they brought out in other characters. More specifically, Ophelia and Gertrude were therefore created to see how romance, affection and love can truly drive a man insane.

Is Export oriented industrialization indispensable for economic growth

Is Export oriented industrialization indispensable for economic growth INTRODUCTION One of the key indicators, of economic development of a country, is its level of industrialization. That is, as many empirical investigations proved the main reason for increased divergence in living standards between the advanced countries and the developing countries is their level of industrialization. This being the fact, it is only after decolonization and end of world War II that, developing countries consciously adopted industrialization strategies for economic development purposes and as a solution, from their vulnerable dependence on export of few primary products and import of high valued manufactured goods (Brisbane, 1980). The low terms of trade in international market for primary goods from former colonies and the determination to get out of severe poverty and register sustained growth, were the main reasons for the diversification of the narrow structure of the colonial economy. Industrialization is beneficial for developing countries for many reasons including the following (i) it reduces their vulnerable dependence; (ii) it speeds up their economic growth process; (iii) it modernize the economy through spill over or externalities effects associated with industrialization, from advanced countries; (iv) create more employment for the vast population in rural agricultural sector and accelerate income growth which is used as a means to re-distribute income to the impoverished masses; and (v) generate more foreign currency through export which reduces balance of payment problems (Brisbane, 1980). As Brisbane explained, to industrialize, developing countries adopted import substitution strategies from about 1945 to the 1970s. Import substitution strategy is designed to produce few luxury consumer goods for domestic consumption behind a very high tariff wall. However, most countries which followed the import substitution strategy failed, to meet the goal of industrialization, while spectacular growth and development was reported from developing countries that pursued an export oriented strategy, in the 1970s. Defined simply, export-oriented Industrialization (EOI) often termed as export led industrialization (ELI) is a policy designed for the purpose of speeding up the industrialization process of a country through exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage. This policy requires countries to open up their domestic market to foreign competition in return to getting access to international market. In order to promote EOI and ultimately economic development, complementary policies in relation to tariffs, trade, exchange rate, and others need to be adopted and employed. This paper will critically examine how export oriented industrialization is essential for economic growth in developing countries, if it can be backed up by appropriate policies on trade, industrial policy and exchange rate policy, geared for that purpose. The paper also argues that export oriented industrialization has its own drawbacks. Thus, the essay is structured as follows: In section 2, It the paper analyses the significance of policies on the functioning of EOI, particularly: trade policy, industrial policy and exchange rate policy that developing countries need to adopt and identifies areas where government intervention is needed to bring economic development. It then explains the drawbacks of export oriented industrialization, on export dependence countries, in Section 3. Then section 4, empirically examines how EOI contributes to economic development and the conclusions are presented in section 5. 2. Significance of Policies on EOI The role of complementary policies for effectiveness of export oriented industrialization is undeniable. This paper focuses mainly on how trade, industrial and exchange rate policies can support EOI policy. 2.1 Trade policy: Appropriate trade policy is one of the key tools used for effective of export oriented industrialization and for economic development, in general. That is, the better trade policy a country has, the better chance it has for industrial diversification, creating value added products and getting more income from export. Theoretical context: Even if, there has been little consensus on the relationship between trade and short- to medium -term economic growth-and even less on its role in long term economic development. The principle of comparative advantage, which prescribe countries to specialize as to their factor endowment, first described by David Ricardo, forms the theoretical basis for traditional trade theory and provides the rationale for free trade. The principle states that even if a country produced all goods more cheaply than other countries, it would benefit by specializing in the export of its relatively cheapest good (or the good in which it has a comparative advantage)(Murray Gibbs 2007, p. 10). And some classical economists believed that the principal base for this principle is the difference in factor endowments among countries determine the relative cost of production. However, this traditional theory from classical economists has been challenged as it doesnt explain well the actual trade patterns and as the theory has unrealistic assumptions, like perfect competition, full employment etc (Murray Gibbs 2007). In addition to the unrealistic assumptions, in real situations the theory favors advanced countries, and developing countries hardly benefit anything from it. The controversial Singer Prebisch thesis, also explained this situation by stating that it is the center that gets all the benefits of international trade while the periphery gets nothing, which opposes to the Ricardian Theory of Comparative Advantage. He argued: given the differences in the existing economic, productive and labor market structures between the periphery and the center (in the application of technology in traded goods and in the market structures; oligopoly vs. competitive) less-developed countries cannot benefit from international market, if they adopt comparative advan tage doctrine (Todaro and Smith 2009).This is because developing countries usually produce and export primary products which have lower terms of trade. And the scope for diversification is too narrow, and these conditions put developing countries to have vulnerable dependence on international market. Thus, unlike the classical economists static comparative advantage doctrine, dynamic comparative advantage is a better option for developing countries. This is because as more innovation, technology, capital, and other requirements for industrializations are met and as industrialization happens in developing countries, it will be easier to diversify their economic structure, as manufactured goods have better terms of trade than primary products. Skarstein (2007) in his paper Free Trade: A Dead End for Underdeveloped Economies,criticized the comparative advantage doctrine. He argued, what matters most in international trade is the absolute advantage that countries get out of it than a comparative advantage. And empirical evidences show that the doctrines of comparative advantage and free trade benefit the advanced countries only. This is mainly because the doctrines are likely to exclude international learning among countries. Particularly, the WTO agreement, Trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS), which is a big challenge developing countries to acquire technology, skill and international learning from the rest of the world. He also argued, for a trade policy to function effectively, developing countries have to make sure that, this policy is well integrated with their industrial policy. And in addition to these, developing countries have to get support from advanced countries, through reduced import tariffs for goods from developing countries and by giving developing countries a chance to protect their industries and to get easy access to international market. He also stressed that, developing countries have to ensure that food security is maintained in their countries, as it keeps them safe from their foreign account, balance of payment problems as well. Thus, governments of developing countries have to protect agricultural production for consumption. Therefore, while designing policies, developing countries have to consider the dynamic comparative advantage or absolute advantage options. In addition to this, they also have to consider how their economic integration to the world economy should be in support of EOI. 2.2 Industrial policy: A proper industrial policy is also another important tool for effective export oriented industrialization, as a countrys industrialization depends on how individual domestic firms are protected. This is because, it is individual firms that innovate and harness technological change and compete in the world market (Suranovic, 2002). The basic policy component of industrial policy for developing countries is Infant industry protection. It is a necessary condition, because newly emerging firms in developing countries need some policy to help them grow strong and to safeguard them from intrusion of foreign firms in their market, that have a negative effect on their growth. Infant industries in developing countries can mainly be protected through import tariff mechanism, which reduce imports from the rest of the world and raises demand and production of domestic product. This protection enables the domestic firms to cover their higher production costs and to remain in business. Depending on the nature of the firm, infant industry protection strategy will help the domestic firms to produce efficiently and to be competent in international markets. However, in order to use the infant industry protection policy as a tool for export oriented industrialization, government of developing countries need to have reliable information about what industry to protect, how large the production tariffs need to be and over what period the tariffs will be reduced and eliminated. Because import tariffs have to be gradually reduced and eliminated, to increase efficiency of domestic firms. A complementary policy component to infant industry protection in export oriented industrialization is export promotion. This component stimulates export and allows the infant industry to have access to international market, while Infant industry protection policy allows the new domestic firm to grow strong. For industrial policy to be effective it has to be complemented by competition policy, as some regulations are required for the competition among domestic firms and simultaneously, as there is a need for policy to protect the domestic firms from intrusion of foreign firms in their market. A coherent execution of industrial policy requires a coordinated approach to trade policies. This is because trade policies are designed usually in accordance with a countrys trade negotiations, which include: policies related to investment, tariff, Intellectual property, and others. The effectiveness of tariffs as a tool for industrialization is also linked to the monetary policy framework within which it operates. When the capital account is liberalized control over exchange rates may be lost and the appreciation of exchange rates can obviously undermine export competitiveness and the impact of tariff protection (Murray Gibbs 2007, p. 19). 2.3. Exchange rate policy: The role of exchange rate policy in the success of export oriented industrialization strategy is undeniable. Exchange rate is a policy on the level of exchange rate of a countrys currency. The main challenge in formulating the exchange rate policy is in keeping balance between maintaining exchange rate stability and maintaining export price competitiveness, which requires devaluation. Devaluation increases the value of imports, while it gives options for exporters to choose either to reduce the prices of their products or to keep them as they are, to increase their profit margin. Thus, devaluation, at a cost of higher inflation, enables domestic industries to be competent internationally, by keeping the volume of import down and by raising the volume of export (domestic output) higher. The role of government in controlling inflation, to stabilize the economy is very essential, here. Thus, this phenomenon in addition to supporting the export oriented industrialization process it helps countries to improve their current account balance in Balance of payment problem (Jacob, Atta ; Keith R., Jefferis ; Ita, Mannathoko and Pelani, Siwawa-Ndai 2000) 3. Drawbacks of Export dependence A country is dependent on export, if export constitutes the largest portion of its gross domestic products. However, even if EOI strategy contributes for economic development, the extent to which this strategy is applied has to be considered for various reasons. To mention some of them, as dependency theorists argue: first, export dependent developing countries cause chaos on the long-term economic planning capacity of a nation-state (Barratt-Brown Prebisch) as these countries have little or no control over the market, to allow sustained economic growth through stable revenue. Second, Income from export is not a reliable source for economic development for developing countries. As many of the export oriented industrializations in these countries are owned by multinational corporations, and large portion of revenue from such sources are not repatriated, to be used for re-investment (Jaffee, 1985). 4. Empirical evidence: Skarstein, 2007 paper Free Trade: A Dead End for Underdeveloped Economies, showed the empirical evidences on EOIs contribution for miraculous economic development of the Asian tigers and the now developed countries. It mainly showed the relationship between economic development and effective implementation of infant industries protection policy and export promotion policy. In support of this, it is argued, that many people have argued that Infant industry protection was precisely the industrial development strategy that was pursued by countries like the US and Germany during their rapid industrial development before the turn of the 20th century. Both the US and Germany had high tariffs during their industrial revolution periods. These tariffs helped protect fledgling industries from competition with more efficient firms in Britain and may have been the necessary requirement to stimulate economic growth (Suranovic 2002) Bairoch also analyzed data and concluded that the different the effect of free trade on developed and developing countries is. In all the cases he analyzed, free trade has a positive effect on developed countries while it lets the least developed countries to suffer. He mentioned that United Kingdom registered its fastest growth during the period (1860 1880). In those cases he analyzed, how effective import tariffs for developing countries were in their economic development (Bairoch, 1972, p. 211). In his paper, Skarstein, illustrated, with detailed data how the East Asian tigers used industrialization policy for their economic development. That is: first by implementing a policy of protected import substitution and then, as their industries grow competent, by shifting their industrialization strategy to export oriented industrialization, with a slow reduction of import barriers for industrial good. And, at the same time, how implementing high import protection for their agriculture helped them to maintain food security and helped their success in industrialization The miraculous performance of the East and South East Asian countries during 1970s to 1990s cannot be analyzed without considering the connection between the export -oriented policies and economic growth. In the Newly Industrialized Economies from East and South East Asia, the general macroeconomic policies as well as selective export promotion policies facilitated the high export and economic growth. Following their path China and India also changed their policy stance in favor of export oriented policies and moved on the high growth trajectories. 5. Conclusions: In sum industrialization is a key process for developing countries for economic development. However, as many economists agree, the process of economic development is very complex, as it depends on large number of variables such as political system, socio economic structure, capital accumulation (both physical and human), trade, price fluctuations, and income distribution, and even more on geographical characteristics. As such, while export oriented industrialization contributes to economic growth, it is not necessarily indispensable to the growth and development of developing countries. As explained in this essay, EOI can be one of the key strategies to register economic growth. And in order for it to function effectively it has to be supported by appropriate components of the policy like: infant industry protection strategy, competition policy, export promotion strategy and others. More specifically, it requires well functioning and well integrated macroeconomic policies like: trade policy, industrial policy, exchange rate policy, investment policy, tariff policy and others. Government intervention also plays a key role in making the export oriented industrialization effective for economic development. Examined empirical evidences also reveal that Export-oriented Industrialization was particularly the characteristic of the economic development of the Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore in the post World War II period . In addition to Asian Tigers, evidences also tell how EOI strategy contributed for the economic development of US, Germany and others, who are now in developed world category. However, though the role of export oriented industrialization in economic development is undeniable, countries have to also carefully consider its share in the gross domestic product, as larger export dependence has a negative effect on economic growth.

Should Guardians Be Allowed to Refuse Children the Mmr Vaccine

Case Study: Should guardians be given the right to refuse the MMR vaccine? October 17, 2012 Case Study: Should guardians be given the right to refuse the MMR vaccine? When one attempts to differentiate between what would be considered a good or bad action it involves many unique factors. Several philosophers have come up with different theories in order to analyze how we could potentially make what would be considered the â€Å"best† decision. Some decisions are easier to evaluate as the better choice where as some would come into conflict with ethics and morals.Looking at the case study at hand, which talks about whether or not a guardian has the ethical right to refuse the MMR vaccination for their child, and using two theories known as Act Utilitarianism and Ethical Pluralism, one can prove that it is not ethically permissible for a guardian to refuse the MMR vaccine for their child and contribute to the spread of measles. The first theory that one can use to analyze the ca se study is Act Utilitarianism. The theory of Act Utilitarianism determines whether an action can be considered right or wrong based on the consequential outcome.It also focuses on the fact that an act is right only if it results in maximizing utility in comparison to disutility. In context to the case study questioning whether childhood MMR vaccinations should be compulsory or not, a good act utilitarian would prove that it is in fact not ethically permissible for a guardian to refuse the MMR vaccine that prevents the spread of measles for their child. A good act utilitarian would state that a guardian refusing the MMR vaccine for their child only maximizes disutility for society in both the short and long term spectrum and this goes against the goals of act utilitarianism.By refusing the MMR vaccine for their children, parents or guardians are maximizing disutility by promoting the spread of measles which is a contagious and extremely harmful disease and their child not only has a high risk of catching measles; which could result in either being severely ill or even death, but also has a high chance of spreading the disease once he or she catches it to others who have not received the vaccine either. This has already occurred in the past, â€Å"by the end of April 2000, though, doctors and the hospital had seen 313 children and babies with the disease, with 8 needing intensive care. This is proof that disutility was already maximized when parents and guardians prevented their children from receiving the vaccine and resulted in illness that could have been prevented. The case study suggested that most of the severe illnesses and/or deaths were in babies that were too young to receive the vaccination and the reason they caught measles was because the older children that transferred it down to them had not been immunized.This type of spread of disease is inconsistent with maximizing utility in a society therefore an act utilitarian would go against it. In the case study, since several doctors retracted their claims that the MMR vaccine is connected to Autism and bowel disorders and studies have now shown that there is in fact no connection between the two, then receiving the vaccine would do nothing but maximize utility within a society and there should be no reason for guardians to refuse their child the MMR vaccine.The vaccine was developed in order to maximize utility in two ways, in the short term; to prevent this generation from suffering from measles and stopping them from functioning usefully in their daily lives, as well as in the long term to ensure that the disease isn’t spread throughout generations as people start forgetting how severe the illness actually is and thinks that the vaccine is either dangerous through false media advertising or unnecessary. The vaccine benefits everyone by preventing people from suffering bad consequences that result from the spread of measles.An Act Utilitarian also promotes the concept o f autonomy that in relevance to this case study would require the child to decide for himself/herself if they would like to receive the vaccination, however in this case it is like making the best of a bad situation where we are â€Å"damned if we do or damned if we don’t† and a person cant have it both ways. In this context making the best of this situation is to realize that having the vaccination will only benefit you and a mass number of other people and this maximizing of utility trumps the concept of autonomy. The second theory that one can use to evaluate the case study at hand isEthical Pluralism. Ethical Pluralism is a form of deontology ethics and was produced by Ross. It states that Utilitarian theories failed to see the importance of relationships as well as simplified them when determining what the right course of action would be. Ethical pluralism argues that we have certain moral obligations or prima facie duties that have to be accounted for when choosi ng the right action. These are duties that must be fulfilled regardless of any circumstances unless it is in conflict with another duty and then best judgment should be used.In relation to the case study, ethical pluralists would however agree with Act Utilitarian’s decision stating that it is not ethically permissible for guardians or parents to refuse the MMR vaccine for their children. Ethical Pluralists would say that parents and/or guardians do not have the right to refuse the MMR vaccine because of particular prima facie duties or moral obligations that they have to both their children and society. Their decision can be backed up by many of the prima facie duties we have such but two in particular will be analyzed in regards to the case study.The first prima facie duty that ethical pluralists would state defending the idea that guardians should not be allowed to refuse the vaccine for their children is the duty to improve the condition of others; duties of beneficence. By refusing guardians the right to not give their children the MMR vaccine, people are improving the conditions of others through avoiding the spread of measles that could cause a person to become severely ill as well as improving the condition of their own child since the vaccine prevents them from attaining the disease.If guardians did in fact have the right to refuse the vaccine, then a spread of measles would occur impairing the lives of many. In a way it is our moral duty to have the vaccine and prevent measles from transferring to other people and worsening their lives. The second prima facie duty that defends this concept is the duty of non-malificence. Society has the moral duty to not cause harm to others. If guardians had the right to refuse the vaccine then the only thing it would result in, is harm. Harm to the child who now has a chance to suffer from this serious disease as well as harm to society from the transference and spread of it.It weakens the lives of individua ls and to some extent can even cause death and ethical pluralists would argue that it is our prima facie duty to prevent this harm from occurring in the first place. Analyzing the case study from an Act Utilitarian and Ethical Pluralist perspective to determine whether or not guardians have the right of refusal, one can see that even though Ross developed ethical pluralism as a response to the absence of moral relationships in utilitarianism theories, both perspectives based on different criteria respond to this ethical issue in the same way.The result is that the guardian of the child should not permit the refusal of the MMR vaccine as doing so would result in both disutility and immoral conduct. Works Cited Thomas, J. , and W. Waluchow. Well and Good. 3rd ed. Broadview, 2002. Print. BBC News. 2000. Measles Outbreak Feared. May 30. Available online at http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/health/769381. stm McBrien, J. , J. Murphy, D. Gill, M. Cronin, C. O'Donovan, M. T. Cafferkey. 2003 Ju ly. Measles outbreak in Dublin.Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 22(7): 579. The Department of Health, Social Services, and Public Safety. 2002, April 26. News Release: Measles can kill. MMR vaccine is safe and vital for children's health. Word Count: 1276 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. BBC News. 2000. Measles Outbreak Feared. May 30. Available online at http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/health/769381. stm [ 2 ]. BBC News. 2000. Measles Outbreak Feared. May 30. Available online at http://news. bbc. co. k/1/hi/health/769381. stm [ 3 ]. BBC News. 2000. Measles Outbreak Feared. May 30. Available online at http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/health/769381. stm [ 4 ]. Thomas, J. , and W. Waluchow. Well and Good. 3rd ed. Broadview, 2002. Print. Pg. 19 [ 5 ]. Thomas, J. , and W. Waluchow. Well and Good. 3rd ed. Broadview, 2002. Print. Pg. 34 [ 6 ]. Thomas, J. , and W. Waluchow. Well and Good. 3rd ed. Broadview, 2002. Print. Pg. 35 [ 7 ]. Thomas, J. , and W. Waluchow. Well and Good. 3rd ed. Broadview, 2002. Print. Pg. 35

Influential Factors in Choosing a Programming Language Essay

* To help Gary make decisions about which language to choose, you are asked to provide Gary a list of key factors and their importance in choosing a programming language. Overview of Report When it’s time to develop a new program, the first thing that must be considered is the decision on what programming language to utilise. This is important because changing the program midway through completion is very difficult to achieve, and will often require a vast rewriting of code. There are a number of issues that will influence this decision, and these are: * Organisational policy, suitability of the language, the availability of trained staff, how reliable the program is, cost of development and maintenance, expandability of the language, and interoperability with other languages Organisational Policy All organisations will have policies (methods of practice) dictating that they will operate under specified conditions. A policy of developing applications using one particular language may come from historical use, and a foundation of previous development tools (such as IDEs) for that one language. (M Fishpool, 2007, p.156) To deviate to using another language may in that instance not make sense to the hierarchy of the organisation. This may ring particularly true if the organisation has established a relationship with a particular vendor, such as Microsoft. Maintaining a link with this company may be rewarded with better support and discounts. (Anderson, 2010, p.166) On the other hand, maintaining the use of a particular piece of software (such as Microsoft’s IDE Visual Studio) would limit language choice to those that suit that company’s interests. Another choice they may pursue is to utilise open source software, which brings its own benefits and disadvantages. Open-source software does not offer personalised technical support and relies on an unpaid, potentially unreliable enthusiast community to provide these solutions, but is usually free to use. Suitability Building a program in a language unsuitable for its intended task will cause big problems down the line, which is why understanding the application’s technical requirements is important. The first thing to consider when making a program is what the intended platform will be. This could be computer setups such as Windows, OS X, a Linux-based OS, a web-based application, a smart phone-based app or the option to be platform agnostic could also be desired. Languages that are built to be natively run on one platform (like C++) will be more effective in completing intensive tasks, but building a program in Java means that the application will work the same way on any OS with the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) software installed (Oracle, 2011). The complexity of the program will also affect whether a procedural or object-oriented language will be chosen, as is whether appropriate features are included in the chosen IDE. (Anderson, 2010, p.166) Availability of Trained Staff If a language is popular and used widely (such as Java, C, or C++ (TIOBE, 2011)), then there will be more professionals that are able to code in it than there are for less popular languages. Therefore, choosing a popular language will make it easier to recruit personnel for a new project. Also, looking at what languages the organisation has historically used, the kind of hardware installed, and what skill sets existing employees have will have an impact in this decision. Reliability A program becomes unreliable when how it will deal with data becomes unpredictable, and this is what can cause programs to crash. This is why some languages, like Ada, are created with an emphasis on features that make them less likely to crash. (Anderson, 2010, p.166) The best way of ensuring that code is predictable and reliable is to use a strict language, which is one with a strong type system. A strong type system specifies restrictions on how values of different data types (such as integers and strings) are allowed to be intermixed, and stops the source code from compiling if it thinks data is being incorrectly mixed. This provides a guarantee about how the program will behave when it starts running. (Wikipedia 2, 2011) Development and Maintenance Costs Part of the idea of planning the development of a program also includes the costing of the entire project. In order to do so, we take into account the length of time each development stage will take, and what resources will be needed at which point. A lot of resources are spent before the first line of code is even written to make sure that the language and IDE we choose will be the most suitable and acceptably reliable, because choosing an â€Å"unreliable solution means more money spent in maintenance costs.† (M Fishpool, 2007, p.155) Also, rather than simply creating error fixes, maintenance is also about how the program evolves post-deployment, as suggested by Lehman’s Laws. (Wikipedia 1, 2011) Therefore, how much of the overall budget will go towards the evolution of the application needs to be taken into account. Expandability Expandability is about planning the long term future of the program. Programs in active use will rarely cease to be updated following its first release. It will usually evolve beyond its original specification and require more features to be added, or be asked to process more data. If this is the case and the program is not easily expandable, a lot more time and money than necessary will need to be spent on rewriting code or porting it to a different language. For this reason, object oriented languages are popular because new features can be ‘bolted on’ as additional classes. (M Fishpool, 2007, p.156) If this is not a concern, a procedural language can be used instead. Interoperability The presence of several languages may dictate whether a language needs to be interoperable. Interoperability is achieved when programs coded in different languages are able to work with each other through a common set of standards. (Wikipedia 3, 2011) One way this is done is through the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) specification, which is implemented using Mono and Microsoft’s .NET. These allow any language that meets the CLI specification to be able to be run by their virtual machine. The most common language is C#, which was especially created to be used in .NET, but dialects of popular languages have been created to be used in a similar fashion (examples include C++/CLI and VB.NET). Summery In this report, we discussed what factors are influential in choosing a programming language for a project. We discovered that companies will have organisational policies which restrict employees to only use certain languages or certain company’s’ software. We also learned that all languages have pros and cons, so that understanding what task our program needs to do will ensure we pick the language that is most suitable. We also need to make sure that there are actually people available to employ to code for us, so we should choose a popular language to make it easier to recruit employees. Reliability is also an area of importance, but for programs where reliability must be guaranteed, we learned that there are languages such as Ada which cater to this specific requirement. Budgets are also an issue as development and maintenance costs will differ between languages, and an unreliable solution means more money spent in maintenance costs. If we need our software to be exp anded in the future, it is also best to choose a language that can support this from the start. Finally, we learned about interoperability and how programs coded in different languages are able to work with each other through a common set of standards. Bibliography Anderson, J.K.L.M.P.a.S., 2010. BTEC National Level 3 IT Student Book 1. 1st ed. Edexcel. M Fishpool, B.F., 2007. BTEC Level 3 National in IT. 2nd ed. Hodder Education. Oracle, 2011. Java Runtime Environment (JRE). [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://java.sun.com/j2se/desktopjava/jre/† http://java.sun.com/j2se/desktopjava/jre/ [Accessed 1 October 2011]. TIOBE, 2011. TIOBE Index. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.tiobe.com/content/paperinfo/tpci/index.html† http://www.tiobe.com/content/paperinfo/tpci/index.html [Accessed 01 October 2011]. Wikipedia 1, 2011. Software Maintenance. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance [Accessed 2 October 2011]. Wikipedia 2, 2011. Strong Typing: Wikipedia. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_typed_programming_language† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_typed_programming_language [Accessed 14 October 2011]. Wikipedia 3, 2011. Interoperability. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability† l â€Å"Software† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability#Software [Accessed 27 September 2011].