Ingsoc-Totalitarian Gov.

Ana Ortiz Honors English 10 Per. 5 February 27, 2013 Ingsoc – Totalitarian Government: 1984 Communism has been a part of the world for a very long time causing the harsh suffering of people in regions, such as Cuba. Rather than help a nation, Communism harms the inhabitants who live in the nation through the effect that it bring, by lending itself to becoming a communist-totalitarian government. A Communist government has a high chance of becoming totalitarian and being overruled by a group or dictator, whom will have all authority and right do to what he pleases.Socialism, being a type of government in which the government takes care of the industrialization differs from a Communist-totalitarian government. A communist-totalitarian government has total control over all, whereas a Socialist government just handles the production of goods and manufactured items, in other means: the economy. Throughout the novel, 1984, the party reveals â€Å"Ingsoc† as their form of gove rnment. Ingsoc is thought to be â€Å"English socialism† in the future but is actually quite the opposite.Underneath this â€Å"socialist government† stands a totalitarian form of government which feeds nothing but lies to its people, watches the members of the party very closely, and has gained its power through rather obvious ways. In the novel, Winston seeks the truth about Oceania’s Government and wether or not there are intelligent people out in this world, where its inhabitants have all been taught and brainwashed to do as the Government says. Oceania’s Government has lied to its people for years, telling them nothing but nonsense to keep them naive and ignorant about the horrible things that the Party does.Winston, now in the hands of a leader in the Party, O’ Brien, has been tortured for his â€Å"crime† which, in this time, can be as simple as thinking that the Party is corrupt. While being tortured, Winston reflects to himself, â⠂¬Å"A thousand times better than Winston, he knew what the world was really like, in what degradation the mass of human beings lived and by what lies and barbarities the Party kept them there† (Orwell, 216). Winston realizes that O’Brien is one of the leaders who keeps Oceania n ignorance and hides the harsh truth because he does not feel that humans are fit to govern. As shown, Oceania’s government is clearly totalitarian and communist by definition: â€Å"Communism in its broader meaning is a system in which property used for the production of goods or services is owned by a community or group rather than individuals† showing that the Party resembles to this, the Party being the group that takes hold of all property and production in Oceania.Socialism is what the Party tries to pass as, but it shows no similarity between the form of government: â€Å"Socialists believe that Capitalist society is unjust and aim to eliminate competition for profit and to attain an equal distribution of wealth through cooperative means†. This shows that Ingsoc is not like Socialism because the Party takes complete control of everything, not allowing its inhabitants to really have a say in anything that goes on in the country. Winston tries to learn and uncover the real truth behind the Communist party that has been in rule for as long as he remembers.The reality is cruel but Ingsoc is truly corrupt, the Party, meant to keep the equality in the world is truly dictatorial. The Party keeps all of the population in line at all times, watching every step its people make through telescreens and takes control of the media being exposed to Oceania making its Communist factors more visible. Winston feels trapped in his own home as well as forced to live by the Party’s rules. He does not like to do what they say but does it anyway for he knows what happens to those who commit even the simplest thoughtcrime. War is peace, Freedom is slavery, Ignora nce is strength †¦ Always the eyes watching you and the voice enveloping you. Asleep or awake, working or eating, indoors or out of doors, in the bath or in bed– no escape† (Orwell, 26) Winston reveals an act of dictatorship in this quote because of the fact that the government invades the privacy of everyone at all time. In this time there is no such thing as privacy, the Party is allowed to do as it pleases, displaying similar qualities as a totalitarian government.The Party makes it pretty obvious that it is communist but most of the population is brainwashed in depth making it unable for them to see that dictators much like leaders of the Party hide the truth and destroy the media that can stand against them. â€Å"Totalitarian dictators aim to transform their citizen’s thoughts and opinions and reshape expectations. To achieve these goals, the dictator must first control the flow of information going out to the public† (Fridell, 54).Being that a dictator would have to control the media is not a surprise because to take full control of a country a dictator must not allow its people to be informed of the truth, in order to prevent revolts or disputes against the dictator. . Oceania’s government, Ingsoc, is clearly a totalitarian government, keeping total control of all members of the party. Ingsoc used fairly unusual laws introduced by the inner party to keep the rest of the outer party members ignorant of everything that was truly going on.In order to keep people ignorant and naive, srict rules and prohibitions are strongly enforced in a totalitarian government ruled by a dictator. â€Å"The party seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested in the god of others; we are interested in solely power. Not wealth or luxury or long life or happiness; only power, pure power† displays O' Brien’s chat with Winston and reveals the use of the Party and the efforts of Ingsoc, which is to gain complet e power over all (Orwell, 217). O’Brien explains his view on dictatorship: â€Å"Freedom is a dire threat to dictatorships.With it comes all sorts of possibilities, including thoughtfulness, which can lead to discontent, opposition, even revolution†, O’ Brien, a leader of the party, is for the Party and its hold over everyone else (Orwell, 217. ). He does not want anyone else to think otherwise and keep their faithfulness to the party. The Party was clearly a totalitarian government, hidden by a supposed â€Å"socialist government†. Lastly, Ingsoc is clearly distinguished as totalitarian rather than socialism because the factors that make up Ingsoc that are so closely related to a totalitarian government.The similarities between totalitarian government and Ingsoc are obvious. The Party in the novel prohibits anyone from thinking about anything that is not about the Party itself as we’ve seen it happen before in history: â€Å"In Europe, totalitari an states have trampled on free expression and appropriated the myths and rituals of art to serve their oppressive ends† (Holden). Another quote shows the effect of a communist government which also resembles to Ingsoc and the grip that the Party has over the people of Oceania: â€Å"The Communist Party was my Nurse Ratched, telling me what I could and could not do; what I as or was not allowed to say; where I was and was not allowed to go; even who I was and was not† (Forman). Clearly, the similarities between communism, totalitarianism, and the Ingsoc government of Oceania are shown in the quotes above. As O’ Brien admits to Winston that the only goal for Ingsoc and the Party is to have complete control over Oceania, Winston is finally able to see with complete clarity what he had known from the start – Ingsoc is truly totalitarian. Its only goal is to gain complete control, even if large amounts of torture were needed to gain control of just one being.T hroughout the novel, the Party shows its true goals: to keep everyone naive, enough to prevent revolution or disputes against the government from happening. Winston is able to see that the Party is nothing like it says it truly is, but is something completely different. Ingsoc is actually a communist and totalitarian government, which is very obvious to anyone with good perception. Works Cited Communism. Vol. 5. Chicago, Illinois: Ferguson, 2000. Print. New Standard Encyclopedia. Forman, Milos. â€Å"OP-ED CONTRIBUTOR; Obama the Socialist? Not Even Close. † The New York Times.The New York Times, 11 July 2012. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Fridell, Ron. Dictatorship. Tarrytown, New York: Michelle Bisson, 2008. Print. Holden, Stephen. â€Å"Facing the Menace of Totalitarianism. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 02 Oct. 1996. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. McDonald, Mark. â€Å"Did the U. S. ‘lose' Ho Chi Minh to Communism? † The New York Times. N. p. , 28 Aug. 2012. Web. 1 7 Feb. 2013. Orwell, George. 1984. Austin, Texas: Holt, Rineheart ; Winston, 1949. Print. Socialism. Vol. 5. Chicago, Illinois: Ferguson, 2000. Print. New Standard Encyclopedia.

Cross Contamination Example Essay

There are 3 different types of contamination in the food industry; microbial contamination, physical contamination and chemical contamination, with microbial contamination being a more frequent cause of food poisoning and rising, with the amount of products contaminated having seen 91 % between 2006 and 201 1 (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs , 2012) . A variety of things can cause microbial cross- contamination, but the most common causes are through vehicles or vectors carrying harmful bacteria (pathogens) from a source to the food.The source or reservoir is where the contamination Originates from, for example, humans, raw food, rodents, dust and soil. In the context of cross- contamination, a vehicle is a substance, object or living thing that moves the contaminant away from its source to the food. The vehicle could either be dictionary or a mobile vehicle. A vector is an organism, usually a bird or an insect, that transmits a pathogen from one place to another. The aim for a food manufacturer is to make a commercially sterile, not completely sterile.The definition for a commercially sterile product is â€Å"Commercial sterility of food means the conditions achieved by application of heat which renders such food free from microorganisms capable of growing in the food at temperatures at which the food is likely to be held during distribution and storage. † (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2007). The reason for this is that he severe thermal treatment needed to make a product completely sterile would severely reduce the sensory quality and nutritional value of the product, as well as increasing the energy consumption to reach higher heats.There are various reasons as to why cross-contamination happens and is a major cause of food poisoning, for example, poor hand washing techniques, confusion of terminology by staff, equipment design and color coded equipment which people do not adhere to. It is also very difficult to track down the causes of an outbreak, so it may take a while to take the relevant assure to stop the outbreak and sometimes the wrong thing is blamed, for example, in 2011 , Spanish fruit and vegetables were blamed for an E. Coli outbreak across Europe, killing 22 people.However, it was later discovered that German bean sprouts were the likely cause (BBC News, 201 1). The mistake cost the Spanish fruit and vegetable industry Emma per week, proving how economically important it is to get the causes right (BBC News, 201 1). In many food poisoning cases, a sequence of events contributes to an outbreak, rather than just one activity alone. This is called the microbial chain ND makes it even harder to discover the true cause Of an outbreak. An example of a microbial chain is; cooked ham comes into a store and is sliced.This ham has come from the supplier contaminated so has now contaminated the slices used. The slices is not washed and other meats, for example, more cooked ham or cooked beef, is slice d on it. This then causes the other meats to become contaminated, making it difficult to find the meat that originally caused the problem. The cooked meat that has been contaminated is ready to eat, so therefore is a high risk product as no further retirement will be done to kill pathogens, meaning it is very likely that a case of food poisoning would come from this microbial chain if the pathogen was harmful enough.A wide range of things can act as vehicles for microbes, for example, hands, clothes, cleaning cloths and pests can all act as mobile vehicles, and food- contact surfaces, food itself and hand-contact surfaces, such as door handles, fridge door and taps, can all act as stationary vehicles. These vehicles can carry pathogens onto high risk foods such as ready to eat products such as, cooked meats, cooked prawns, oysters, and dairy products. A high risk food can be defined as â€Å"any ready-to-eat food that will support the growth of pathogenic bacteria easily and does n ot require any further heat treatment or cooking'. Warwick University , 2011). This means that special care needs to be taken preparing these foods in the factory or in the kitchen, for example, using separate areas in the factory or using separate chopping boards for raw and cooked meat in the kitchen. There are many laws that have been put in place to try and prevent cross-contamination, therefore reducing the frequency of major food poisoning outbreaks. These laws can be found in SEC) 852/2004 Hygiene of Food Stuffs and it is the job of environmental health officers to enforce these laws, through audits.This laws have been changed and updated over time since 2004 to make them more relevant and applicable. A public enquiry on the 2005 E. Coli 0157 outbreak in South Wales, chaired by Hugh Pennington, a professor Of bacteriology, helped further improve this piece of legislation when it was published in 2009. However, many find these difficult to interpret and use in the context of t heir own business, so the Food Standards Agency created Safe Food Better Business', tit different sections for different types of companies that handle food, for example, for caterers, takeaways, retailers, child minders and care homes.These documents are also provided in different languages to help provide businesses, run by foreign owners who don't speak English, improve the safety of the food from the business and help them adhere to the laws in (SEC) 852/2004, therefore reducing the risk of an outbreak occurring through cross- contamination from this business. There are many examples of where cross- contamination has been the probable cause of major food poisoning outbreaks, for example, an outbreak of Weston Blumenthal ‘The Fat Duck' restaurant in 2009, the E. Oil 0157 outbreak in in 2005 in South Wales and an E. Coli outbreak in Lancashire, Scotland in 1996. The 2005 outbreak of E. Coli 0157 in South Wales was a major outbreak and lots of mistakes were made for it to occ ur, which were highlighted in the Pennington Report. In the outbreak, 157 cases were identified, 31 people admitted to hospital and 1 five year old boy died. This prompted a public enquiry carried out by a Professor in Bacteriology called Hugh Pennington.The problems identified were; poor audits carried out by Environmental Health Officers at John Tudor and Son, critical control points not met, no valid ‘Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point' (HACK) plan and issues with cooked meat being prepared and packed in the same area as raw meat, therefore causing cross-contamination (Pennington, 2009). The meat also ending up in schools in the area, meaning smaller children with weaker immune systems were more at risk of becoming infected, so they were more vulnerable to serious illness and death.One cause of the outbreak was that there was only one Vic packer, which are used o vacuum pack a product, was used for cooked and raw meat, causing any pathogens that were on the raw meat to contaminate the Vic packer, which then contaminated the cooked meat. This then became the problem as the cooked meat will not be treated again, so there is a good chance that a harmful level of pathogens will be present in the meat when consumed.Environmental health officers that had inspected the premises had noticed that there was only one Vic packer for both, however the Food Business operator had told that they had another Vic packer that was of site for repairs. This turned out to be a lie and could have easily been detected, had the inspector enquired further and asked for proof, however it was only discovered to be not true at later inspection. In the Pennington Report it states that ‘special attention' was paid to the Vic packer and that ‘the use of one for both raw and cooked meats carried with it a serious risk of cross- contamination'.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access

CHAPTER – 1Introduction1.1 OverviewThe involvement for wireless communications disposals has developed gigantically. In malice of the fact that the agreement of 3rd coevals cellular model has been slower than was ab initio expected, scientists are now analyzing 4th coevals cellular systems. These models will convey at much higher rates than the echt 2G models, and even 3G models, in an of all time jammed frequence spectrum. The indispensable aim of next-generation radio systems ( 4G ) won’t merely be the familiarity of new inventions with spread the demand for higher information rates and new services, to boot the incorporation of bing progresss in a typical phase. The scheme of multi-carrier transmittal has late been having broad involvement, peculiarly for high informations rate broadcast applications. The cardinal points of multi-carrier transmittal are its strength in frequence selective attenuation channels and specifically, the reduced signal processing complexnes s by equalisation in the frequence sphere. Figure 1.1: Time variant multipath extension Signals in wireless communicating state of affairss are impaired by melting and multipath hold spread. This prompts a corruptness of the general executing of the model. Henceforth, a few techniques are accessible to relieve these damages and fulfill the expanding demands. Figure 1.1 demonstrates an illustration of clip variant multipath extension. A considerable step of involvement has been placed in transition techniques like Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM ) and Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA ) . Multiple entree strategies based on a combination of codification division and OFDM techniques have already proven to be strong campaigners for future 4G systems. A major outfall of the higher coevals radio systems is spectral efficiency. In this study, we concentrate on Multicarrier Code-Division Multiple Access ( MCCDMA ) , a fresh digital transition and multi entree strategy. It is a promising attack to the challenge of supplying high informations rate radio communicating. MC-CDMA combines the benefits of CDMA with the natural hardiness to frequency selectivity offered by OFDM. It can be interpreted as CDMA with the distributing taking topographic point in the frequence instead than temporal sphere. Multicarrier CDMA is merger of two different techniques:Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM )Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA )1.2 Communication SystemCommunication is a manner of conveying information, ’ Technology alterations, but communicating lasts’ ; the handiness of communicating engineerings has made a great impact on human lives. When we communicate, we are sharing information. This sharing can be local or distant. While distant communicating takes topographic point over a distance, the term â€Å"telecommunication† includes telephone and telecasting, means communicating at a distance ( tele is Grecian for â€Å"far† ) Telecommunications can therefore grouped into two -voice & A ; informations. Three cardinal faculties that comprise a full communicating channel: The Sender – A sender encodes the message in a linguistic communication that can be understood by the receiving system.The Receiver –decodes the message.The Medium – Air, Cu wires, optical fibre. These carry the message across from the transmitter to the receiving system. Figure 1.2: Communication system Telecommunication systems have now made it possible to pass on with virtually anyone at any clip. Early telegraph and telephone system used Cu wire to transport signals over the earth’ surface and across oceans and high frequence ( HF ) wireless, besides normally called shortwave wireless, made possible intercontinental telephone links. But now there is different types of communicating strategy. They are following:Telephone SystemCellular SystemsPacket Data SystemsSatellite SystemsMicrowave SystemsFiber Optic SystemsEvery communicating system has its ain frequence scope, system, capacity, application execution cost. On the footing of transmittal system there are two types of communicating systemWired communicating systemWireless communicating system1.2.1 Wireless CommunicationIt is the transportation of information over a distance without the usage of electrical music directors or â€Å"wires† The distances involved may be short agencies few metres as in telecasting remote control or long like 1000s or 1000000s of kilometres for wireless communications. When the scene is clear, the period is frequently shortened to â€Å"wireless† . Wireless communicating is by and large considered to be a subdivision of telecommunications. The term â€Å"wireless† has become a generic and across-the-board word used to depict communications in which electromagnetic moving ridges or RF ( instead than some signifier of wire ) carries a signal over portion or the full communicating way.1.2.2 Previous Work on Wireless SystemJagadish Chandra Bose has been credited with the innovation of the first radio sensing device and the find of millimetre length electromagnetic moving ridges. David E. Hughes, eight old ages before Hertz’s investigates, induced electromagnetic moving ridges in a signaling system. Hughes base on balls on Morse codification by an initiation device. In 1878, Hughes’s initiation transmittal strategy utilized a â€Å"clockwork transmitter† to convey signals. In 1885, T. A. Edison used a vibrator magnet for initiation transmittal. In 1888, Edison set up a theoretical account of signaling on the Lehigh Valley Railroad. In the history of radio engineering, the presentation of the theory of electromagnetic moving ridges by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1888 was of import. The theories of electromagnetic moving ridges were predicted from the research of James Clerk Maxwell and Michael Faraday. Hertz established that electromagnetic moving ridges could be transmitted and caused to go through infinite in consecutive lines and that they were able to be received by an investigational tool. The research was non followed up by Hertz. The applied utilizations of the radio communicating and remote control engineering were implemented by Nikola Tesla.1.3 Drawbacks of Communication SystemCommunication system has some restriction. Bandwidth and Noise restriction is portion of the communicating system. Bandwidth is merely a step of frequence scope. It is easy to see that the bandwidth we define here is closely related to the sum of informations you can convey within it, therefore the more infinite in the frequence spectrum, the more informations you can suit in at a given minute. In a communications system deficiency of bandwidth means deficiency of throughput of apprehensible informations. So that Bandwidth restriction means curtailing the measure of information transmitted from transmitter to receiver each 2nd. The consequences of which are the debasement in the quality of information arrives. Noise will besides impact intelligibility. In an electronic device such as an operational amplifier so there is such a thing known as a addition bandwidth merchandise, in other words how fast can the end product respondent to the input and how much crud ( noise ) is added in the procedure. Thermal noise is besides a topic and Boltzmann’s changeless K finds its manner into the figure of equations. The noise is so important, a assortment of steps have been developed to quantify the consequence of noise in a communications system There is another restriction of communicating is melting. Fading is the fluctuation happened in standard signal strength at the receiving system that is, any arbitrary divergence in the standard signal can be named as attenuation. However the microwave signal travel in the medium due to different parametric quantities there is a decrease in signal strength.1.4 Multiple Access MethodsA limited sum of bandwidth is allocated for radio services. A wireless t heoretical account is compulsory to suit as many users as possible by efficaciously apportion the bandwidth. Therefore, in the field of communications, the word multiple entree could be chiseled as a manner of leting multiple users to concurrently administer the finite bandwidth with smallest likely debasement in the public presentation of the system. There are a figure of methods demoing how the multiple accessing can be attained. There are four basic strategies:Frequency Division Multiple Access ( FDMA ) .Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA ) .Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA )Space Division Multiple Access ( SDMA )These techniques can be grouped as wideband and narrowband systems, subjected to how the available bandwidth is allocated to the users. The duplexing method of a multiple entree system is normally described along with the peculiar multiple entree system, as shown in the cases that follow. Narrowband Systems:The term narrowband is used to associate the bandwidth of a individual channel to the expected coherency bandwidth of the channel. In a narrowband multiple entree strategy, the unfilled wireless spectrum is separated into a big figure of narrowband channels. The channels are by and large operated utilizing FDD. To diminish intervention between contrary and frontward links on each channel, the frequence separation is made every bit great as possible within the frequence spectrum, while still allowing low-priced duplexers and a common transceiver aerial to be used in each subscriber terminal. Wideband Systems:In wideband theoretical accounts, transmittal bandwidth of a individual channel is much larger than the coherency bandwidth of the channel. Therefore, multi-path attenuation does non greatly vary the standard signal power within a wideband channel and the frequence selective slices go on in merely a little fraction of the signal bandwidth at any juncture of clip. In wideband multiple entree theoretical accounts a big figure of senders are allowed to convey on the same channel.1.5 Requirement of MC-CDMAThree major multiple entree strategies exist: frequence division multiple entree ( FDMA ) , clip division multiple entree ( TDMA ) and code division multiple entree ( CDMA ) [ 1 ] . In the undermentioned subdivisions, the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques will be studied, and the necessity for multicarrier codification division entree ( MC-CDMA ) will be discussed.1.5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access ( FDMA ) Figure 1.3: Frequency division multiple entree ( FDMA ) [ 1 ] Frequency division multiple entree ( FDMA ) was the first multiple entree technique, developed in the early 1900s [ 2 ] . With FDMA, the entire frequence bandwidth is divided into frequence channels that are assigned to each user for good, ensuing in multiple user signals that are both spectrally separated and at the same time transmitted and received. This has been diagrammatically signified in Figure 1.3. The FDMA systems require a comparatively simple algorithm and execution compared to TDMA and CDMA [ 1 ] , but there are several drawbacks. First, due to the lasting assignment of FDMA channels, fresh channels can non be utilized by other clients, the effect of which is the abuse of the communicating resources. Second, nonlinearities in the power amplifier can do signal spreading in the frequence sphere, doing inter-channel intervention ( ICI ) in other FDMA channels. Finally, the capacity of an FDMA system is limited by Thursday vitamin E figure of channels available.1.5.2 Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA ) Figure 1.4: Time division multiple entree ( TDMA ) [ 1 ] Time division multiple entree ( TDMA ) has been developed with a similar thought to FDMA, but with TDMA, multiple user signals are separated in the clip sphere instead than the frequence sphere. Figure 1.4 shows a TDMA system with the transmittal clip divided into a figure of cyclically reiterating clip slots that can be assigned to single users, leting all users entree to all of the available bandwidth. Compared to FDMA systems, TDMA systems offer more flexibleness in the assignment of clip slots whereby different Numberss of clip slots can be allocated to different users depending on the service needed. In add-on, because TDMA users can convey signals merely in their ain clip slots, the transmittal of TDMA signal is noncontiguous and occurs in explosions, ensuing in less battery power ingestion. But, the TDMA signal needs a big synchronism operating expense due to its non-continuous transmittal. Inter-symbol intervention ( ISI ) , caused by multipath extension, is besides a serious bug for TDMA, particularly durin g high informations rate transmittals.1.5.3 Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA )In the last 10 old ages, codification division multiple entree ( CDMA ) has been developed to get the better of the disadvantages of other multiple entree techniques such as TDMA and FDMA [ 3 ] . Figure 1.5: Code division multiple entree ( CDMA ) [ 1 ] Figure 1.5 demonstrates multiple CDMA user signals that are separated by distributing sequences. In specific, all user signal is spread utilizing a pseudorandom sequence which is extraneous to the sequence of other users. As a consequence, merely the intended user-receiver can despread and have the information right ; other users on the system perceive the signal as noise, ensuing in multiple user signals that can be transmitted within the same bandwidth at the same time. The chief advantage with CDMA is that the system capacity is limited merely by the sum of intervention ; with a lower degree of intervention the system can back up a higher figure of users [ 1 ] . CDMA systems are besides robust to narrow set jamming as the receiver signal can distribute the jamming signal’s energy over the full bandwidth doing it undistinguished in comparing to the signal itself [ 2 ] . If the spreading sequence is absolutely extraneous, it is possible to convey multiple CDMA signals without presenting multiple entree intervention ( MAI ) during synchronal transmittal [ 3 ] Assorted types of CDMA such as direct-sequence CDMA ( DS-CDMA ) and wideband CDMA ( W-CDMA ) , have been utilised and advanced in both 2G and 3G systems similar to CDMA One ( IS-95 ) , UMTS and CDMA2000 [ 4 ] . These techniques are considered to be single-carrier CDMA systems. Unfortunately when traveling into the 4th coevals of wireless communicating systems ( 4G ) , in which information is transmitted at a rate every bit high as 1 Giga bits-per-second ( bits per second ) [ 5 ] , single-carrier CDMA theoretical accounts are non appropriate. This is for the grounds as fallowWith high informations rates the symbol continuance will go sawed-off, ensuing in the channel hold spread transcending the symbol continuance doing ISI [ 6 ] .When informations rate goes beyond a 100 Mega bits per second, it turn out to be a hard undertaking to synchronise, as the information is sequenced at high velocities [ 7 ] .Because of the multipath extension, signal energy is distributed in the clip sphere: in single-carrier CDMA systems such as DS-CDMA, RAKE receiving systems are frequently used to unite the multipath signals. However, non all waies of signals can be successfully received. If the figure of fingers in the RAKE receiving system is less than the figure of resolvable waies, some of the standard signal energy can non be combined, therefore a part of the signal energy is lost [ 8 ] . But if the figure of fingers in the RAKE receiving system is more than the figure of resolvable waies, noise will be improved.Therefore an Orthodox single-carrier CDMA such as DS-CDMA is non practical for 4G systems where a high information rate is required.1.5.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM )Orthogonal frequence division multiplexing ( OFDM ) proposed in [ 9 ] has the ability to back up higher information rate transmittal. When utilizing OFDM, the channel bandwidth is divided into a figure of equal bandwidth bomber channels, with each bomber channel using a subcarrier to convey a information symbol. The frequence separation of next subcarriers is chosen to be the opposite of the symbol continuance, ensuing in all the subcarriers being extraneous to one another over one symbol interval. Therefore, OFDM method can convey a immense figure of different informations symbols over multiple subcarriers at the same time, enabling this technique to back up a higher information rate transmittal. In add-on the bandwidth of each bomber channel is designed to be so narrow that the frequence features of each bomber channel are changeless, creative activity OFDM signals healthy to frequency selective attenuation [ 10 ] . The other advantage of OFDM is that the signal can be easy and expeditiously modulated and demodulated utilizing fast Fourier transform ( FFT ) devices [ 11 ] . As FFT can be easy implemented, the receiving system complexness does non increase well while transmittal rate can be mostly increased. Despite all these advantages, OFDM still has some drawbacks due to its execution of multicarrier transition. OFDM suffers a high peak-to-average power ratio that occurs when all the signals in the subcarriers are added constructively [ 12, 13 ] . This consequences in the impregnation of the power elaboration at the sender, triping inter-modulation deformation. OFDM is really sensitive to frequency offset, as the graph of the subcarriers is overlapping [ 14, 15 ] . Any frequence offset can do to ICI, which put forward that OFDM requires a high grade of synchronism of subcarriers. Besides, the conventional OFDM systems can back up merely a individual client, demanding the demand for multicarrier codification divi Zion multiple entree ( MC-CDMA ) .1.5.5 Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access ( MC-CDMA )Based on the combination of OFDM and DS-CDMA, a multicarrier codification division multiple entree ( MC-CDMA ) is proposed [ 16 ] . Unlike DS-CDMA, which spreads the original informat ion watercourse into the clip sphere, MC-CDMA spreads the original information watercourse into the frequence sphere by ab initio change overing the input informations watercourse from consecutive to parallel so multiplying this watercourse by the distributing french friess in different OFDM subcarriers, the consequence of which is MC-CDMA signal which takes on the advantages of both DS-CDMA and OFDM. The advantages of MC-CDMA are:The capacity is interference limited [ 17 ] and any techniques that cut down intervention are capable of increasing the capacity of MC-CDMA.The signal is robust to frequency selective attenuation and can back up high informations rate transmittal.Bandwidth is used more expeditiously as the spectra of subcarrier convergence [ 18 ] .Since the standard signal is combined in the frequence sphere, an MC-CDMA receiving system can use all the standard signal energy scattered in the frequence sphere [ 19 ] . This is a important advantage over DS-CDMA, where portio n of the signal energy can be lost due to deficient figure of fingers in the RAKE receiving system.The sender and receiving system signals can be implemented utilizing FFT, which does non increase the grade of complexness.1.6 ObjectiveThe chief aim of this thesis is to develop an attack to minimise the consequence of multipath attenuation in Rayleigh attenuation environment utilizing Multicarrier CDMA ( MC-CDMA ) with RAKE receiving system and different uniting strategies viz ; Equal Gain Combining ( EGC ) , Maximal Ratio Combining ( MRC ) , Zero-Forcing ( Z-F ) and Minimal Mean Square Error ( MMSE ) Equalization.1.7 Outline Of DissertationChapter-1 Introduction: This chapter is divided in six parts ; overview, communicating system, drawbacks of communicating system, multiple entree methods, demand of MC-CDMA, and eventually nonsubjective is explained. Chapter-2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: This chapter gives a elaborate account about overview of OFDM, guard interval, perpendicularity, mathematical analysis of OFDM and fourier transform. Chapter-3 Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access: This chapter gives elaborate information about overview of multi-carrier transition, channel synchronism and appraisal in multi-carrier systems, overview of CDMA, rudimentss of MC-CDMA and channel theoretical accounts. Chapter-4 Literature Review: This chapter gives elaborate information about old work on Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access. It besides elaborate the job definition sing the research work. Chapter-5Proposed Methodology: This chapter explains the proposed methodological analysis which is used in this undertaking. Chapter-6Simulation Consequence: This chapter shows the simulation consequences of the proposed work. Chapter-7Conclusion and Future Scope: This chapter summarizes the parts of the thesis. 1

Planning Strategic Organisational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Planning Strategic Organisational Change - Essay Example This is because the organization banks on the positive developments and growth changes happening on a constant basis. The change is also a response to the organization’s hard line towards its activities which have not been able to turn a new leaf towards its own development over a period of time (Ginzberg, 1957). What one must understand is the basis of growing for the sake of the organizational processes and the attached undertakings that are tied up. This will mean that the change is constructive and has a positive bearing on just about everyone present in the company as well as the processes and activities that are a vital part of the same. This paper discusses the basis of change being an important element within any organization in this day and age, and how it has been able to manifest growth, development and productivity for a long period of time now as has been proven with due research and evidence of study. Moving ahead with the discussion at hand, this change can both be external as well as internal, having either positive and negative ramifications in the long run. This is true in the case of change being a vital agent within the organization’s processes where its implementation is direly required and can have serious consequences in the long term scheme of things. The external change is not that controllable, however it is the internal change that demands a great deal of caution and care. This is because the internal change can have more drastic results than the external change can ever envisage. This is in line with the understanding that the organization must understand the basis of its success through this change which is intrinsic and which shall have a positive bearing on the people as well as the organizational processes, tasks and activities. The strategic organizational change is always internal because it involves processes which have serious and direct effect on the organization’s processes and long term future plans an d initiatives (Sugrue, 1999). This is required as it will enable the top management to decide where it wants to reach and what it wants to achieve within the shortest possible time. What is required here is a collective approach to set things right from the control perspective, which has by now come about with due hard work and dedication on the part of the people who have made the change possible. From a strategic organizational change perspective, it is always significant to note that the best possible results could be achieved when there are sequential steps to take care of the organizational hierarchies and when all of these look after the basis of growth and development for the sake of the company that one is talking about here (Brown, 1996). The change regimes are assisted duly by the role of the top management which gives the final approval for this change to come about in entirety. What one must comprehend here is the fact that change should be permanent and not eyewash alon e. It should manifest itself in such a manner that there is a win-win situation for everyone within the organization. If this does not happen, then this change has not come about and it would be better to implement it in a better way yet again. The strategic efforts within the change regimes are significant because outline the need to remain head-on with the incorporations that have been done over a period of time and which shall be the essence of achieving success in

Does the Color of a House Effect the Inside Temperature Research Paper

Does the Color of a House Effect the Inside Temperature - Research Paper Example Repainting is very clear when you explore the properties of color and light and how it transfers heat into the inside of the house. When you understand these ideas, it seems clear that the color of your house can affect the temperature inside. In some ways, it is incorrect to say that color may affect the inside temperature of a home. Through a strict definition, color is just one way to determine how much energy will be received by a surface compared to another surface. The light from the sun must first pass through the filter of our environment before striking a surface. This surface absorbs some wavelengths and reflects others, which represent color bands to the human eye. These rejected wavelengths become reflected light and our perceived color of an object (Morton, 2006). As a result, color is the aftereffect of light instead of the cause of it. However, color is the way that we make sense of the world around us (Bear, 2006), so it is natural for us to define properties of absorbed light waves in terms of color. â€Å"The most technically accurate definition of color is: ‘Colour is the visual effect that is caused by the spectral composition of the light emitted, transmitted, or reflected by objects’â⠂¬  (Morton, 2006). Accepting the idea that color is the best way for us to predict the light waves that will be reflected off of a surface helps us to predict how much energy that surface will absorb. No matter what color something is, all objects absorb and give off energy based on the level of light it can absorb. According to Konopacki and Akbari of the National Energy Technology Laboratory (2001), the amount of energy absorbed or reflected by an object will depend on the darkness of the object and the material it’s made out of. Darker colors are dark because they absorb most of the energy or light that hits them, reflecting less light.

Marx's objectives to individual rights Research Paper

Marx's objectives to individual rights - Research Paper Example However, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are convinced otherwise, affirming that bourgeois private property is the 'final and most complete expression of the system of producing and appropriating products, that is based on class antagonisms, on the exploitation of the many by the few'. 1 For them capitalism, which is based on the right to own private property, is beneficial only to the select few capitalists - or the bourgeoisie - who reap their benefits from the exploitation of the wage earners, the proletariat. For Marx and Engels, at least, private property rights protect the freedom of some but not only deny the freedom, but results in the exploitation, of many others. To understand this argument, it is necessary to have a first look at the basis of Marx's theory. Marx strongly believed that capitalist society consisted of two classes, the bourgeoisie, or the ruling class, and the proletariat, who are the exploited class: "To maintain its own existence private property must also m aintain the existence of the property - less working class needed to run the factories. The proletariat is compelled, however, to abolish itself on account of its miserable condition. This will require the abolition of private property - both disappear in a new synthesis that will resolve the contradiction." 2 Marx and Bourgeois Freedom The employers, or the bourgeoisie, build up their wealth through the exploitation of their workers. Under capitalism workers essentially 'own' their own labor which in one respect makes them 'free'. However, although the workers are in charge of their own labor power, in the sense that it is not owned by a master or land owner, they are not free as they are forced to sell it out in order to survive. Instead of owning the product of their own labor, this instead goes to the capitalists who in turn retain a certain amount of the value of the product for themselves and their investment. Thus capital can be defined as accumulated labor. The more Capital grows the more small businesses are put out of production. In turn they are then forced to sell their labor on the market and "all these sink gradually into the proletariat".3 So the underclass grows as more people are forced to sell their labor on the market and as a consequence the average wage is lowered, as there is more demand for less work. Marx, in justifying his position in the communist manifesto, claims that it is each person’s inalienable right to sell his or her labor at its true value, rather than at a value specified by those with a closer relationship to the means of production. Marx condemns the capitalist society for its maxim of 'Greed is good'. His fear for those who are materially deficient in terms of property, relying solely on their own labor value, lies in the inherent necessity in a capitalist society for the owners of production to secure property for themselves, ensuring their own livelihood whilst falling prey, at the laborers' expense, to the rava ges of greed. The end result of this, Marx argues, is that the proletariat misses out while the bourgeoisie takes all. 4 Yet those in support of capitalism argue that it is not the capitalists who are the main consumers, and thus accumulators, it is the common wage-laborer. Wages

Dessertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Dessertation - Essay Example This is known as managing a project or project management. Project management has been defined as â€Å"the application of knowledge skills, tools and techniques to project activities in order to meet or exceed stakeholder needs and expectations from the project† (Duncan, 1996). In order to meet or exceed the stakeholder needs and expectations, project management balancing competing demands among, scope, time, costs and quality. Urban transportation system in most countries poses a challenge with the pace at which nations are developing. This is more prominent in the developing countries where the pace of growth is more rapid than the developed countries. Many developing nations have undertaken ambitious projects of constructing the metro rail or the underground railway system as the surface has become crowded with different types of transportation system. Such projects typically have cost and time overruns and are surrounded by litigations and objections from various stakeholders. In additions, the developing nations have numerous pressures from the political and economic set-up for additions and deletions of the proposed route. Factors like these lead to litigation and which are not usually provided in the project planning stage. These factors in turn are responsible for cost and time overruns. India has registered phenomenal growth in the last two decades but the urban transport system continues to pose challenges. Bangalore is one of the major metro cities in India which has been undergoing severe urban traffic congestion problem and urgent measures were adopted. Bangalore has been experiencing a combination of population, economic and spatial growth that has placed tremendous stress on the public infrastructure and services. Economic growth has led to rise in incomes and consequently more demand for road space as people opt for personalized motor vehicles. To reduce

A real hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A real hero - Essay Example These superheroes joined forces (Moore & Gibbons chapter 1:3) after the death of Edward Blake. In accordance to my opinion, I believe that Doctor Manhattan qualifies as the real hero in the comic book as evidenced from being expressed as the main character in the story, he is close to perfection plus he is not a costumed hero. Doctor Manhattan is expressed as the main character in the story. Moore and Gibbons (chapter 3: 5) describe Doctor Manhattan as the character on which other superheroes rely on. Born as normal human beings, but later transformed to a superhero after an accident while conducting a nuclear physics experiment, Doctor Manhattan acquired god-like powers, telekinesis power, superhuman strength, teleportation ability, and control over matter existing at subatomic level. He also has the ability to perceive the present, past and future â€Å"... particles which travel backward through what... *you* perceive as time... therefore obscuring my vision of the present†¦ †(Moore & Gibbons chapter 3: 7). Not any superhero mentioned in the comic book surpassed the powers which Doctor Manhattan possessed hence remaining as the true hero. Among all others superheroes, it is only Doctor Manhattan that is perceived as a close to â€Å"perfection† creation (Moore & Gibbons chapter 4: 6). ... He acts as the leader of the superheroes as he possesses an ability that can only be equated to a god (Moore & Gibbons chapter 4:8). Lauri, Nite Owl, Rorschach, and Veidt are not real heroes as they had powers, but did not surpass that of Doctor Manhattan. In addition, these superheroes usually followed orders from Doctor Manhattan on what to do since they were dependent on his intellect abilities to make decisions on what to do. Doctor Manhattan was a real hero since he was not a costumed hero like the rest of the superheroes like Dan, Laurie and Rorschach. In the comic, other costumed heroes become disturbed when Doctor Manhattan gets picked up by the United States army and kept as the ultimate weapon in case of attack. In addition, he is dubbed as a real super hero making the costumed superheroes more worried of what might become of them (Moore & Gibbons chapter 4:9). Hence, the costumed superheroes more so depended on Doctor Manhattan a lot to make sound decisions. It is via Doct or’s Manhattan intelligence that the military is able to build sophisticated weapons that they could use in fighting their enemies. The costumed superheroes also took advantage of these. In summary, Doctor Manhattan is a real superhero in the comic book as evidenced from his depiction as a main character of which the story is dependent on him. In addition, he is a real hero since he is equated to a perfect being in the sense that he is equated to a god and could not be killed easily like the rest of the superheroes who expressed various weaknesses. Furthermore, Doctor Manhattan is depicted in the comic book as a real hero as evidenced from him being taken by the U.S government army to help them in the fight of their enemies. This did not happen to the other costumed superheroes and at

Macroeconomics - power of the federal reserve in monetary policy Term Paper

Macroeconomics - power of the federal reserve in monetary policy - Term Paper Example The paper provides a brief overview of some recent actions that are taken by Federal Reserve. Federal Reserve is one of the most powerful institutes in terms of its capability of significantly influencing the monetary policy of United States of America. The primary mission of Fed is to make sure that sufficient money as well as credit is available and a sustainable economic growth is maintained without inflation. The organization has the power of slowing down the growth of money supply into the financial system when the inflation is likely to threaten the purchasing power of the common mass. The Fed has three tools to influence the monetary system and these are ‘discount rate’, ‘open market operations’ and ‘reserve requirements’ (Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, n.d.). Among these ‘open market operations’ can be considered as the Fed’s main tool for influencing the monetary policy. There is a committee named Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) that is responsible for developing monetary policies that are based on â⠂¬Ëœopen market operations’ (Federal Reserve, n.d.). In open market operations, US government securities are bought and sold in the open market. The primary objective of such buying and selling is to influence the short-term interest rate and the growth of credit and money. Once the policy is developed by FOMC, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York takes the responsibility of implementing it. The second most important tool is the ‘discount rate’ which is nothing but the interest rate that is charged by the Fed from different financial institutions against short-term loans. The third one i.e. the reserve requirement is the amount that the financial institutions have to keep aside as ‘reserve’. If the ‘reserve requirement’ is raised by the Fed then the banks are likely to have less money for lending and as a result the growth of money

Finance for Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Finance for Managers - Essay Example Conclusion 23 References 24 Introduction Lloyds Banking Group is regarded as one of the foremost groups of financial service that render its valuable services particularly in the UK. The group delivers its different services especially to personal and corporate customers. Lloyds was renamed in January 2009 after Lloyds TSB acquired HBOS, one of the banking and insurance companies of the UK, with a vision to become the best bank in the UK as compared to others. The group is viewed to be the largest retail bank operating in the UK with leading edge in many sectors in comparison with other banks prevailing in the UK. The group possess multiple brands that are served to its valuable customers which ultimately makes the group to enhance its productivity by a considerable level and accomplish significant competitive position over its chief business market competitors (Lloyds banking Group, 2012). This paper intends to critically analyse and assess the different sources of long-term finance that are currently used by Lloyds concerning a detailed discussion about the advantages as well as the disadvantages of each identified source supported with suitable calculations. Moreover, the paper also evaluates the approaches related with planning, control, performance management and financial decision making of the selected organisation. Various aspects such as evaluating the role of the Management Accountant in Lloyds and recognising a particular analytical technique that is used by this organisation that helps the organisation to make effective planning and decision-making among others will also be portrayed in this paper. Question 1 Identification and Assessment of long-term finance sources Used by Lloyds Banking Group Lloyds identify funding to be a key area of focus for its successful business performance. The group raises its long-term finance through executing various sources that include equity capital, customer deposits, wholesale funding and debt financing (Michigan Economic Development Corporation, 2009). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Source, Supported With Relevant Calculations Equity Capital The most important source of raising long-term funds for the financial institutions is the issue of equity shares. It has been apparently observed that Lloyds considers the issuance of equity shares as a p ermanent source of finance for them. This is owing to the fact that the issuance of equity capital has increased the group’s financial base as well increased its borrowing ability by a significant level. Being a financial institution, there might lay a probable chance of rising significant threat concerning that the issue of equity shares may reduce the ownership control of the existing shareholders and dividends payment can be reduced at large. In this similar context, the group strongly believed that the source i.e. issuance of equity shares would support it to mitigate the aforesaid threats (Michigan Economic Development Corporation, 2009). Customer/Public Deposits Customer or public deposits are also regarded as another important source of long-term finance for Lloyds. According to the group, customer or public

ECONOMIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ECONOMIC - Essay Example s, property, unemployment, crime, money and corruption are leading indicator of measuring the state of macroeconomics in Sierra Leone (Todaro & Stephen, 2009). This paper reflects the relationship between human capital, income inequality and poverty, and how it affects development in context of EG and HD linkages. Human capital defines the growth rate of nation as evident in the context of Sierra Leone’s economic growth. The absence of subsequent investment in human capital and low level of investment in physical capital affect the rates of return in form human capital, especially education (Todaro & Stephen, 2009). If human and physical capitals mutually affect each other, then the policy problem enables both to increase rapidly. Acute shortages of medicine, skilled healthcare professional, robust power system, hygienic water and such basic amenities as sterilized gloves; Sierra Leone finds the adequate strategy to resolve the health issues of inhabitants. The poor health and education of Sierra Leone’s workers explains low income of the citizen as statistics of pregnancy death showing one in every eight cases in comparison to the United States figure of one in 4,800 and life expectancy of 41 years in not welcome figure (Scott Craft). The coverage of health services remains cau se of concern. Transportation difficulties to avail public services increases the opportunity cost. Cultural barriers further add the woes in accessing health services, especially for women, the lower class, and other vulnerable groups. Infrastructure development and government policies for basic health services will pay substantial dividends as better health will contribute to growth of Sierra Leone. The country depends on the sixty percent of its public expenditure from foreign governments and nonprofit organizations approximately exceeding the figure of $1 billion in aid (Scott Craft). The complex relationship between human capital and economic development needs optimistic approach

Information Use Essay Example for Free

Information Use Essay In today’s business environment information is the most important asset a business has, this information helps to support, maintain, develop and track its daily activities. The next logical step is implementing a system that is conducive and geared towards this goal. With the help of its information system, and its information technology department, managers, sales people, the operations department and others with access to this information have a handy tool to help them do their work on a daily basis. The structure of the information system is paramount on how accessible this information is to the people that depend upon it to complete their normal workday. The managers and IT department work closely together to agree upon and decide on an information system that will be feasible to the business itself, thus setting up a system that will be beneficial to the business itself. In my previous workplace, this was a real estate company that focused on short sales and loan modifications. Our information was provided by the homeowner, this information consisted of their mortgage statement, bank records, hardship letters describing why they needed the short sales or the loan modification, and a list of their debt-income ratio and any foreclosure information. The database we worked on was a system called Salesforce; this system enabled us to keep track of the calls we had to make and document all details of that call. It contained all of the information we needed to accomplish this task, it held clients pertinent data, the banks that we dealt with and a method to track the goals we had to accomplish each week. This system was also an ERM (electronic records management database) we had the ability to scan and upload pertinent client information such as three months of bank statements, paystubs, and hardship letters, foreclosure notices and current mortgage statements. It was very user friendly and had the ability to be modified towards the needs of the company using it. That being said management asked us to make suggestions on what additions we saw or felt that would help make our jobs easy and more efficient. The short sale team made several suggestions to add to Salesforce, thereby making it more specified for our daily tasks. The short sale team was not the only ones using Salesforce, our sales team that generated the leads or clients were the first line of defense; they had to enter the client’s information into Salesforce and scan all the documents related to a homeowner’s situation. The sales team was also responsible for contacting the homeowners to send updated and current documents pertinent to their short sales or loan modifications. In essence Salesforce was also used as a data management system, it had the ability to store all data, generate sales reports, processing, integrating, distributing, securing, and archiving data effectively for current and future use. Accessing Salesforce was readily available if we were out of the office as well, we had the capability to log in and view reports, or if a new client was added, and if we needed information to set up an appraisal that was requested by the bank before the short sale was approved. This ability was very handy for the real estate agent and the processor handling the account, the ability to access the main database with all pertinent information about the client away from the office was an excellent tool that Salesforce offered. Maintenance of Salesforce was managed by our small IT staff, any problems with the system was corrected or fixed very quickly, as the licenses held by Salesforce enabled the IT staff to manage the database as an in-house system, therefore they did not have to contact anyone with any issues. At the same time the permissions on Salesforce were very strict, a person’s user id and password only allowed access to certain parts, the short sales team could not modify or change anything, especially any client information or access the sales departments input and vice versa. This made sense, because there was very important information on the database, the client’s financial data and mortgage information, very sensitive information. In essence, the database that the company used in my opinion was user friendly and seemed to address the needs of the business, in this case a real estate office that held important and sensitive financial data, credit reports and mortgage information. The system enabled us to handle the flow of information and daily activities easy, made access to running reports quickly and efficiently. Further, management was able to view and track completion of daily tasks and weekly goals to generate reports quickly.

Movement Techniques In Casablanca Film Studies Essay

Movement Techniques In Casablanca Film Studies Essay Casablanca, the movie which was presented in 1943, was written by Murray Burnett and Joan Alison and was directed by Michael Curtiz. Its an American romantic drama black and white movie by Hollywood. As for the awards that Casablanca won; it won three academy awards. It was and has always been up till now one of the most excellent films ever and had a complete accomplishment. Mainly the film is about a man who is cut out between his love and his good quality manner feature. The dilemma was that he had to pick one of the two hard choices. Its either he choose to be with the love of his life and help her out or to help her husband to get away from the Moroccan city (Casablanca) to carry on with his fight against the Nazis. Rick Blaine (Humphrey Bogart) owns a nightclub in Casablanca, the city, called Ricks Cafà © Amà ©ricain. While the World War II was on, this cafe was like a home for all refugees who are trying to escape to America, they were obtaining illegal letters for that getaway. Shockingly, one day Rick came across the well-known revolt Victor Laszlo (Paul Henreid) and his wife, Ilsa (Ingrid Bergman), which was the woman he used to love before she left him behind when the Nazis attacked Paris. Ilsa begin again to love Rick and wants to stay with him in Casablanca, but she also wants Victor to escape to America. So she made Rick decide, and by tha t was the story of the film. The Movement Technique: Movement in filmmaking is a very important yet hard technique to achieve. Therefore, its not about what happens in a scene; rather its about how to show what is happening in the scene. There are many different ways to apply movement techniques in a film. An excellent director will want to show how indicative and significant are the movements in a dramatic scene for instance. And how can he/she make the scene effective by using the right form of movements to display and demonstrate the idea (Giannetti, 2010). Any film that doesnt use movement techniques is subjected to be static. Nevertheless, movement doesnt mean drama. There are many action movies that consists movements without having drama thread. Moreover, it is  a matter of the least possible means having the greatest effect so that when violent movement is at last triggered off, it has the desired effect. (Foss, 1992). Camera Movements: Camera movements have two major types: movements that follow a moving subject and the ones that are not detected by movements on the plane of actions. The first kind is mainly about following the dramatic action. On the contrary, the second kind has a significant function; where a connection is made between the items and the events. Each film has a different number of camera movements; that relies upon the time between the cuts in the movie. The shorter the time between the cuts, the fewer camera movements are needed and vice versa. Tracking is a form of camera movements, which has an extremely enormous control to generate feel and atmosphere. Zooming and tracking in are slightly different than one another. Tracking pulls the watcher into the picture in a manner that feels nearly physical and raise the sense of presence and realism. Zooming simply brings out the detail and raises the sense that the director is playing for effects. Another approach of raising the feeling of realism in a movie is to use hand-held camera. It is frequently used to do documentary films and it gives the watcher the illusion of looking at the reality (Foss, 1992). Camera movement is one of the main techniques any filmmaker should study and know really well in order to be able to produce a successful movie. People tend to remember what happens in a general scene more, so using different kinds of camera movement techniques in doing a film correctly will probably help more in making a better movie. In any movie, the director usually moves the camera during all the scenes for many different reasons. Camera movements could most likely means emphasizing on whats happening in the scene or might be to catch people attention for the coming up scene. The director can use a lot of methods such as: long shots, slow-paced action, or high angles to stress a movement. Camera movements could be: smooth, choppy, lyrical, or disorienting. Besides, the movements in a scene possibly will be: naturalistic, stylized, literal, or symbolic (Giannetti, 2010). Camera Angle: Composition can be influenced by the angle of the shot. Cameras can be placed over or underneath the scene, to either produce high-angle-shot or a low-angle-shot. Usually, the shot that is looking down weakens the character (the object). On the contrary, the shot that is likely to be appearing upwards emphasizes the authority or control of the subject or character. The framing of a shot could be directed by the degree to which the framing is level with the horizon. Both the high angle and low angle shots are resulting from the context of the film, and not from the dictionary of camera aesthetics (Gross Ward, 2007). Cinematic Techniques: The fundamentals of cinematic techniques are pan, tilt, and dolly. First, Pan: is the horizontal movement of a camera, it looks through an absolutely broad landscape which doesnt fit a regular camera border. Second, Tilt: is the vertical movement of a camera, by pivoting up and down. Those two techniques are referred to as re-framing the shot and are usually used to track the characters in the movement of action. Finally, Dolly: is the way the camera usually moves normally horizontally throughout the space. Another camera technique is: pulling focus; which is basically a normal technique that applies looking at items that are in diverse ranges. Focal length of a camera is mainly the zoom of the cameras lenses. Zoom, an unnatural technique which is probably used to make effects, is the move of a framework from a wide shot to a close up without moving the camera. There are two types of zooming: slow zoom and fast zoom. The shift from one picture to another in filmmaking is called trans ition. For example: cut is the easiest method of transitions, which are regularly used to have harsh jumps in the moment and on space. There are three main types of transitions. First: dissolve layer, which is used to have soft transition, is having the new picture over the old one by raising the darkness of the old one until the transition is done. Second: fades, which is a type of explosive transition, usually starts and ends the scenes by shifting the colored screen or the picture gradually to a color. Finally: effects transitions are the structure of transmitting an image into another one. Some general framing expressions that could be relevant to either characters or objects are: master shot, full shot, medium shot, medium close up, close up, and an extreme close up (Vineyard). Applying the Movement technique in the movie (Casablanca): At the start of the movie, there was a scene that starts right after the sound of the two German messengers who were killed as they were carrying letters to transfer the MacGuffin of Casablanca. We can see how the police arrested some suspicious characters who were on the street. One of those people where a man who had papers which were not in order, so he tried to escape from the police, but was shot and killed right away. The police officer bends down to the man to look at those papers that were compressed in his hands, then passes them to the other police officer and also closer to the camera so that people can see, the papers showed that the man was a free France propaganda. We can notice how the camera had a close-up to the police officers hand when he was holding the papers. The papers were also on a slope of the camera, where the police cannot see them as well as we (watchers) do. That scene indicates how important it is to keep in mind the relation between the characters in t he movie and the film viewers, who are watching the movie, who are the most important ones in this case. Another scene in Casablanca demonstrates Ricks Cafà © Amà ©ricain, the shot at first shows the cafà © as a whole and then the shot transfers to be only towards people who are in the cafà © talking about escaping to America. Next, the image goes to a woman who was asking about Rick. After that, a man goes up to Rick asking him to sign an empty check, then the camera takes a closer shot at Rick while he is signing the check and then another closer shot at Rick himself. This shot emphasizes that Rick is the main character and the owner of the cafà ©. In one of the scenes of Casablanca, right after the flash from the past of Paris, Ilsa (Ingrid Bergman) where talking with Rick when she first moved to Casablanca. The following shot of the movie had a right to left camera movement from the image of Ricks face to the image of his hands, when they were tipping above the glass. The next shot was also a camera movement but here it was from the left side to the right side, where the camera was following the small walk till the right border of the frame of Sam (Dooley Wilsons). Hence, in the middle of that shot there was an open space between Sam and Rick. The set of this scene had a door that was framed by the vaulted roof which is a double aperture framing. After that, the director prepares the watcher with a visual staging when Ilsa enters the room. Immediately before she enters, the shot was on the object that was centered in front of Rick which was the bottle; he removes the bottle to pour a drink for himself thus making a clear view of the entrance. In this scene, the aim of the director of the movie was to transfer peoples attention to the entrance of the other character. Then, with having a musical background sound, Rick and Sam looks at the door while the shot was gloomy right away before Ilsa enters. After she has entered, the lighting stresses how she is enclosed with the door. How this (movement technique) was closely connected to another technique: Although, Casablanca is a striking example of the movement technique used in the film, cinematography technique had also a huge great part of the movie. The central concentration and all the focus of attention was directed to Ilsa (Ingrid Bergman). Most of the shots were taken from her left side with a catch lights, so that her eyes can look like they are shining and mainly the entire propose was to make her face looks gloomy, gentle, and unforgettable. As for the rest of the characters and the setting, bars of shade and darkness were indicating isolation. Moreover, the crucifix, which is the cross with Jesus body, is a symbol of emotional confusion and of the free French forces; which were the French soldiers during the WWII who agreed to carry on the fight and never give up. In nearly all of the scenes, mostly at the last part there was a dim film noir; which stresses the sexual desire and cynical behavior. All of those kinds of lighting equipments and shadow shades that were used in the film were classic ones. Also, the way of applying the background surroundings as a frame of the scenes made the film seems more professional (Kemp). Conclusion: In conclusion, movement techniques usually try to emphasize an important point of the movie to the audience in an indirect way. Moreover, some close-ups and pauses in a film mean that the film director is trying to highlight some major and valuable concepts of the movie. Successful filmmakers use movement techniques correctly and effectively in a film. Word Count: 1956

The Safety Of Seafarers Going To Sea Engineering Essay

The Safety Of Seafarers Going To Sea Engineering Essay This report aims to educate readers about the safety of seafarers going to sea and the possible dangers that they face. The report will also elaborate about the ongoing issues and measures taken to ensure the safety of the seafarers. Marine Industry has been a major platform for investment and income since the ancient times. Seafarers face possible dangers from collision of ships, fire and weather conditions. Therefore, the casualties onboard a ship have been increasing due to lack of awareness towards safety on board the ship. The International Maritime Organisation( IMO) took steps to prevent such disasters from happening. Rules have been set up to make sure the equipments onboard the ship are up to date, certified and are regularly inspected. Workers onboard must be well trained in the safety aspects. According to the International Maritime Organisation(2009),ship safety is a subject that is currently receiving high attention by most countries. The International Maritime Organisation(2009) said that this was due to a number of serious vessel casualties that have occurred in recent years. 1.3 Methodology The information for this report was obtained from the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1974 edition, reference books, research about shipping companies and the internet. Case studies were taken from online news articles. 1.4 Scope As there are many possibilities that could happen onboard a ship, this report will investigate solely about the possible cause of fire at sea, preventive measures, consequences of fire, actual events that took place due to fire, types of fire and much more. 2.Fire Hazards onboard the Ship 2.1 Causes of Fire According to John G. Antherson (2000),the causes of fire on a ship arent a lot different than the causes of fires in any urban setting. As there are electrical circuits onboard the ship, there is a chance for an electrical fire is to occur. Machinery onboard a ship can get hot when its operating. An overheating bearing could cause a fire.(John G. Antherson 2000) Ships uses combustion systems to generating steam, and internal combustion engines are used generate electricity. These combustion system will get very hot and can cause a fire.(John G. Antherson 2000) Closed machinery spaces and the volatility of fuel, lubricants and hydraulic fluids around the hot machinery can lead to a fire or an explosion. A collision at sea could initiate a fire. The galley where food is prepared is another fire hazard on board a ship.(John G. Antherson 2000) During ship repairing, metal cutting and welding equipment is carried and used to faulty equipment. Sparks from this equipments could also start a fire. There are some more possible ways fires could be started. Fire hazards in the cabin could also cause fire to occur. An article (Anon: Fires In Ships 2002) states that careless smoking is the main cause of fires in ships. In one case scenario, sixteen Chinese nationals have been taken to the hospital after a fire broke out in their ship(APL Columbia) at port Botany on 5 January 2010.A crew member onboard the 45,000 tonne APL Columbia(IMO:9252242) noticed a fire in his cabin about 1.30am.The man tried to put out the fire but was unsuccessful.The crew members had suffered from smoke inhalation and the fire was put out about 5.30 am using the ships own firefighting equipment. In another case scenario, a fire broke out in the engine room. A Maersk container ship (Maersk Duffield) crossed Brisbanes Moreton Bay with its engine room on fire and the Emergency Management Queensland helicopter is en route to assist. One crew member required treatment. Shipping Database,2009-2010[Online] Available from: http://www.shippingdatabase.com/ [Accessed 31 January 2010] Figure 1 [International Maritime Statistics Forum 2007 p.g 15] Figure 2 [International Maritime Statistics Forum 2007 p.g 16] According to the chart ( figure 1) made by the Maritime Institute in Gdansk(2007), most fire accidents occur during ship repairs. Fire caused from ship repairs take up 79.3% of most fire accidents in their case study. Meanwhile, figure 2 showed that 24.11% of fire occurring on board a ship is located at the Cargo holds and tanks. 2.2 Classes of Fire There are 4 types of fire that might occur onboard a ship. There are Class A , Class B , Class C and Class D fires. The U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service(2007) said that Ordinary combustible fires are the most common type of fire, and are designated under Class A fire . These occur when a solid, organic material such as wood, cloth, rubber, or plastic become heated to their flash point and ignite. This class of fire is fairly simple to combat and contain .According to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 2008),the most common way to do this is by spraying the burning material with water, oxygen can also be removed by smothering the fire with foam from a fire extinguisher. Meanwhile, flammable liquid are categorized under Class B fire. The National Fire Protection Association(2008) reports that this fire follow the same basic fire tetrahedron (heat, fuel, oxygen, chemical reaction) as ordinary combustible fires, except that the fuel in question is a flammable liquid such as gasoline, or gas such as natural gas. An efficient way to extinguish a liquid or gas fueled fire is to disrupt the chemical chain reaction of the fire, which is done by dry chemical and Halon extinguishing agents. According to an extract from Industrial Hygiene and Information Management (2008): ESH Manual Chapter 40, Hazardous Materials, class D fire are fires that are caused by flammable or combustible metals. Examples given by the ESH manual Chapter 40, Hazardous Materials, of such metals are titanium , sodium ,magnesium, potassium, uranium and calcium. Generally, metal fire risks occur when sawdust, machine shavings and other metal are present. These fires can be ignited by the same types of ignition sources that would start other common fires. Wikipedia, Fire Classes [Online] Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_classes [Accessed 1 February 2010] A crew onboard a fishing vessel said that If a fire was to start onboard a ship, crew members onboard must know what type of fire it is. If a wrong extinguisher or method is being used, the fire might spread even more. ( Florida Sport Fishing Crew 2002) 3. Consequences of fire 3.1 Loss of Revenue and Marine Environment The International Maritime Organisation (2009) said that most accidents onboard a ship will result in a loss of revenue. Cargos onboard a ship might be damaged and millions of dollars worth of cargos and resources will be affected. Fire onboard a tanker ship will have a high chance of causing an explosion and fuel leaked into the sea will cause water pollution and that will affect the marine environment. Thousands of dollar will be used to clean up the oil spill. A case study given by the Port State Information exchange (2006) was that of Hyundai Fortune where an accidental fire broke out on 21st March 2006. The combined cost of the ship and damaged cargo is estimated at over 300 million US dollars. According to an online article by Brisbane Times, oil spill clean-up can be rather costly. In a case study by the article, an insurer of a Hong Kong-based cargo ship had to foot the bill for a 20 tonnes of diesel fuel into waters off Stradbroke Island. Authorities announced that the estimated cost of the clean-up will reach about $100,000 a day and take seven days to complete. Daniel Hurst 2009 , Oil spill clean-up to cost $100,000 a day[Online] Brisbane times Available from: http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/queensland/oil-spill-cleanup-to-cost-100000-a-day/2009/03/12/1236447368184.html [Accessed on 7th February 2010] 3.2 Political Fallout Political fallout might also occur if swift action is not taken. Political fallout will cause the reputation of the government or authority to be at stake.(M.Masellis and S.W.A.  Gunn 1992) The disasters that occur within the Maritime Industries can be used as an example for opposition parties to blame the government and this might change the mindset of the society towards the government. According to an online article by BBC news, an oil well in the Timor Sea off the north-west coast of Australia caught fire. The oil rig had been leaking oil and marine fire fighters were struggling for ten weeks to stop the leak. The National Offshore Petroleum Safety Authority had been called out to help combat the fire and other teams such as the Geoscience Australia and the Australian Maritime Safety Authority were on standby. However, an opposition spokesman accused the Environment Minister of Australia of doing nothing to stop the oil leak. BBC News 2009 , Australia well catches fire [Online] Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8336564.stm 3.3 Human Casualties Accidents onboard a ship will also cause human casualties to occur. Fire especially will be life threatening onboard a passenger ship and it will cause chaos and panic among passengers. ( L.M. Collins 1999) A good way to ensure that human life is not lost is for the crew and passengers to follow instructions given by the Captain. If the passengers follow the instructions swiftly, they will be able to escape from the ship safely.( L.M. Collins 1999) One of the major events that had many human casualties was that of RMS Titanic. According to David G , Titanic was struck by an iceberg and sank in two hours and forty minutes on 15 April 1912. The sinking of the Titanic resulted in 1517 deaths out of the 2223 people on board. The high casualty rate was due to the fact that the ship was not carrying enough lifeboats for everyone onboard. Brown, David G. (2000). The Last Log of the Titanic. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0071364471. Most fire cases are quickly dealt with and the only losses that the crew face are the cargos or raw materials onboard. Up to this day, passenger ship have not faced any fire incidents that resulted in major human casualties. 4.Fire Safety Measures 4.1 Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS) M.  Masellis and S.W.A.  Gunn(1992) said that fire casualties on ships lead almost certainly to disastrous results because of the limited and isolated areas of the vessels and the lack of immediate and easy access for the rescue team. Preventive measures are therefore much more effective in the effort to avoid such casualties than rescue and fire-extinguishing procedures or devices. [Marine fire casualties in merchant ships: the Greek statistics 1992 Available from: http://www.springerlink.com/content/h8362077847j9127/] In 1914, The International Maritime Organisation had a convention among international leaders and maritime leaders to talk about maritime safety. Of all the international conventions dealing with maritime safety, the most important is the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS). There have been many versions of SOLAS adopted by the International Maritime Organisation but the present version was adopted in 1974 and entered into force in 1980.The SOLAS conventions have all covered many aspects of safety at sea. The convention in 1914 included chapters on safety of navigation, construction, fire protection and life-saving appliances.(International Maritime Organisation 2009) This shows that the International Maritime Organisation is constantly trying to find ways to improve the aspects of safety at sea to ensure the safety of seafarers life by introducing the Safety Of Life at Sea(SOLAS) and updating it. 4.2 Fire Safety Test and Safety Equipment One of the fire safety measures is to conduct fire safety test for the ship. Fire safety of ships is an extremely important area. Before any material can be used onboard a ship, it must have successfully passed strict tests and have been certified for use. This is to ensure that the material or equipment does not pose a fire hazard onboard the ship. (SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden 2008) Another safety measure is to install safety equipments on the ship. Equipments such as fire extinguisher, sprinkler system , gas monitor and other safety equipments are being implemented. The International Maritime Organisation(IMO) is taking steps to introduce new and more sophisticated equipments onboard the ships. IMO hope to reduce the amount of accidents from occurring onboard the ship and will rely on this new equipments to combat the problem more efficiently. 4.3 Service of ships and Equipments According to The Safety of Life At Sea 1974 edition, the ship and its safety equipments have to undergo service once every few years. Safety equipments include components that can deteriorate over time. Therefore, this can decrease the effectiveness of the equipment. Examples of such equipments stated in the Safety Of Life At Sea 1974 edition (SOLAS) are fire extinguishers, EPIRBs, flares, life jackets, life rafts and smoke signals. Servicing of the equipment must be done by the manufacturer or an authorised agent by the expiry date. The expiry date must be clearly marked on the equipment. Most life raft needs to be serviced every two or three years. Equipment that cannot be serviced or no longer works must be replaced if it is to be carried as part of the safety equipment onboard the ship.(The International Maritime Organisation 2009) In the event that an emergency were to occur and the safety equipments were to be faulty as they were not sent for servicing, the manufacturer should not be blamed as the expiry date have been stated clearly on the equipment. It is the duty of the crew onboard and its owner to send the equipments for servicing once the expiry date is over. According to the IMO 2009, maintenance and inspections of equipments must be recorded to provide objective evidence that these work have been carried out according to the manufacturers instructions. 4.4 Proper training for the crew According to the Maritime Port Authority Singapore(MPA) 2010, Seafarers working on board a ship must have the valid certification or endorsements. In Singapore, these are issued by the Training Standards Department of MPA. Seafarers working on board a ship are required to have a valid Certificate of Competency (CoC) or endorsement, which comply with the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW). The crew must also be well trained in fire fighting and First Aid. Those who wish to work onboard a ship must have an Advance Fire Fighting Course certificate and Elementary First Aid certificate as well before they are qualified to work onboard (Maritime Port Authority Singapore 2010). The crew will also conduct regular safety drills after each departure from port. The crew are to follow their duty that had been assigned on the Muster List. By having proper trained crews onboard a ship, this will minimise the chance of human error and accidents from occurring. Furthermore, the crew are well trained to handle any emergencies such as fire . The International Maritime Organisation(IMO) 2009 once said that the quality and familiarisation are directly affected by the frequency and quality of the drills carried out. IMO added that a crew debrief after each drill is essential to emphasise lessons learned and to give additional training where necessary. 5. Conclusion 5.1 Further Improvements Every year, the International Maritime Organisation and other Maritime Body are working hand in hand to improve a seafarers life in terms of their living condition and to ensure that they are working in a safe environment. The organisation are trying to find constant improvement to reduce marine casualties, loss in revenue due to unwanted accidents. One improvement that can be introduce to the ship is the All-in-One fire extinguisher. This extinguisher would be able to combat any types of fire such as Class A , Class B, Class C or Class D fires. By having this fire extinguisher onboard the ship, the crew will not need to waste time to find different methods to combat different types of fire. Another improvement that could be introduced is the fire isolating system. This system will isolate the fire from spreading to other rooms and this will reduce the damage caused towards the ship. The Maritime Port Authority said that this new inventions will further improve the safety aspects but it still needs to undergo more tests before it can be implemented towards the ships. 5.2 Human Error is still the Main Cause The International Maritime Organisation have taken steps to ensure that the technology and safety equipments being implemented are up to date. Even thought this is so, nothing can be done if the accident caused is by human error. Even if the crew had gone for proper training, human error will still occur. An article by B.S Dhillon(2007), human error costs the Maritime Industry $541 million per year and a study of 6091 major accident claims revealed that 62% of the claims were attributed to human error. B.S Dhillion(2007) added that human error contributes to 84% to 88% of tanker accidents. [B.S Dhillon 2007. Human Reliability and Error in Transportation Systems, Springer Series in Reliability Engineering . Page 1.] These incidents will result in crew injuries or death and the ship will be delayed or damaged. Even if there is mechanical failure, human error can play a role in terms of lack of maintenance , monitoring or a breakdown in communication. The Bahamas Maritime Authority added that crew fatigue and complacency can be a major factor in this incident. The Bahamas Maritime Authority said that Good equipment can cost more, but safety should be accorded a higher priority because a ship cannot be operated safely without the seafarer.

Wireless LAN :: Internet Technology Computers Essays

Wireless LAN discovery through the use of applications such as NetStumbler, DStumbler, Wellenreiter and others is an increasingly popular technique for network penetration. The discovery of a wireless LAN might be used for seemingly innocuous Internet access, or to be used as a "backdoor" into a network to stage an attack. This paper reviews some of the tactics used in wireless LAN network discovery and attempts to identify some of the fingerprints left by wireless LAN discovery applications, focusing on the MAC and LLC layers. This fingerprint information can then be incorporated into intrusion detection tools capable of analyzing data-link layer traffic. Introduction The growth of 802.11 networks has been met with the development of several wireless local area network (WLAN) discovery applications. These applications are designed to identify WLAN activity and network characteristics, providing enough information for an unauthorized user to gain access to the target network. For obvious reasons, WLAN administrators should be concerned about unauthorized access to their networks and therefore should attempt to identify the applications used to discover their networks. WLAN intrusion analysis is not entirely unlike traditional intrusion analysis; we are primarily concerned about the identification of traffic signatures or fingerprints that are unique to the applications we want to detect. Unlike traditional intrusion analysis however, we have additional challenges that are unique to wireless networks: 1. Location of trafic capture station Where traditional intrusion detection systems can be location in a functional area (DMZ, inside a firewall, outside a firewall, etc), a data collection agent (agent) capturing 802.11 frames must be installed in the same service area of each wireless LAN we wish to monitor. The improper location of a wireless LAN agent will inevitably lead to false positive results. If the receive sensitivity of the agent exceeds that of the monitored network, traffic may be characterized as WLAN discovery while being outside the cell range of the monitored network. Another interesting challenge is monitoring "hidden node" IBSS stations where the last wireless station to generate a beacon is responsible to reply to probe requests (ANSI/IEEE, 126). In these cases, the wireless LAN agent may not be within the coverage area necessary to collect responses or further solicitation of management information from the responding â€Å"hidden node† station. 2. Identifying anomalous trafic In order for wireless clients to locate a network to join, the IEEE 802.11 specification made an accommodation for clients to broadcast requests for available networks.

Hazards from the Universe :: Ecology Ecological Papers

Hazards from the Universe There are several perilous conditions that exist in our vast universe that could directly impact life as we know it on Earth. These hazards include meteors, asteroids, emission of charged solar particles, supernovas, and problems caused by man. Although the odds of these dangers directly harming Earth’s population are extremely low, if not impossible altogether, something about pending apocalypse seems to excite the human mind. The possibility of a meteorite or asteroid of significant size colliding into Earth poses as a legitimate threat to our planet. Most meteorites are miniscule and cause little harm. In fact, as many as four billion meteorites enter Earth’s atmosphere every day. However, only the larger meteors reach the earth because smaller ones burn up in the atmosphere. A large meteor impact, while rare, should still cause some concern. Barringer Crater in Arizona was formed from an iron meteor approximately 30-50 meters in diameter. Other such large meteors ar e often held accountable for the seemingly sudden extinction of dinosaurs. Based upon scientific calculations, three craters of at least 10 km are expected to form on the earth every million years. While these larger meteors are rare, any oncoming asteroid could be pushed off course by the use of rockets or explosives (Bray, 1999). Meteorites are dangerous, but the asteroids which they come from are even worse. Most asteroids are found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. However, the scientists at the Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research Project recently detected an asteroid 2km wide which was originally predicted to collide with the Earth on February 1, 2019, with possible catastrophic implications. Fortunately, it is believed that this particular asteroid threat will disappear. Still, the public is aware of how threatening an asteroid could be. Hollywood has added to the apocalyptic hysteria surrounding asteroids by releasing movies like Armageddon and Deep Impact. While there is no reason to panic right now, asteroids should be feared because an impact would cause extreme and possibly fatal destruction. Violent eruptions of gas on the Sun’s surface called solar flares can send solar charged particles towards Earth and appear to be possible threats to the safety of mankind. These expulsions of charged particles come from the sun flares’ relationship with sun spots. Sun spots are cooler and darker regions of the Sun where the solar magnetic field extends off of the Sun’s surface. When the charged particles ejected from the sun reach Earth and enter its upper atmosphere, they react with present atoms and can cause major disturbances to satellites and terrestrial communications systems such as T.

Psychological Analysis of Lee Harvey Oswald Essay -- Psychological Cap

On November 22nd, 1963 President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. It was concluded by The Warren Commission that the man who assassinated President Kennedy was 24 year old, Lee Harvey Oswald. Less than 48 hours after Kennedy was shot, while Oswald was being transferred to the county jail, he was assassinated. Lee Harvey Oswald was killed before he could undergo any psychological or psychiatric analysis, so it is impossible to know for certain what his mental state was at the time of President Kennedy's assassination. The Warren Commission states that they were unable â€Å"to reach any definite conclusions as to whether or not he (Lee Harvey Oswald) was ‘sane’ under prevailing legal standards (Warren et al., 1964, p. 375).† I do not believe that human behavior can ever fully be predicted. However, an analysis of Oswald’s childhood, as well as, his actions leading up to the assassination help us to understand the type of person Lee Harvey Oswald w as and give us an insight into his psychological state. Oswald had a troubling childhood to say the least. His father died two months before he was born in 1939 leaving him with no father figure in his life. Not only did the death of Oswald’s father leave him with without a father-figure, it â€Å"robbed him of a home and family life with constant parental figures (Abrahamsen, 1967, p. 869).† The death of Oswald’s father forced his mother to go to work, essentially leaving him without a mother as well. His mother sent Oswald, his older brother, Robert Oswald, and his older half-brother, John Pic, to an orphanage. Oswald stayed at the orphanage for thirteen months, until his mother married her third husband (Ewing & McCann, 2006, p. 22). Now that Oswald’s mother was remarried there w... ...brahamsen, David. (1967). A Study of Lee Harvey Oswald: Psychological Capability of Murder. Bulletin of The New York Academy of Medicine, 43, 861-888. Ewing, C.P., & McCann J.T. (2006). Minds on Trial: Great Cases in Law and Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. McAdams, John. (1995). Lee Harvey Oswald: Troubled Youth - Oswald Assessed by Psychiatrist Renatus Hartogs. Retrived from http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ hartogs.htm. Simon, Jonathan. (1998). Ghosts of the Disciplinary Machine: Lee Harvey Oswald, Life-History, and the Truth of Crime. Yale Journal of Law and Humanities, 10, 75-113. Warren, E., Russell, R. B., Ford, G. R., Cooper, J. S., Dulles, A. W., Boggs, A., McCloy, J. J. (1964). The Warren Commission Report: Reports of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.