Consumer Psychology and Marketing Communications Essay

At any given moment during the day, decisions such as which brand of merchandise to purchase, which color paint to select, or what cable service provider to go with are being made by consumers. The selection and behaviors of the consumers go beyond their personal preferences and has been studied by psychologists for over a century. Knowing what appeals to consumers and what their preferences are is a crucial part of the business’s success. In Exploration relationships between adoption of new consumer products and relationship marketing by Sarabi, Ahmadi, & Moradi , the relationship between a consumer’s demographic variables and product selection discussed. A second article, Scenes of Consumer Psychology by Rachel Bowlby discusses how consumer psychology presents itself in marketing techniques. Consumer Psychology The specialty that examines the influences a person’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and perceptions have on their buying habits is known as consumer psychology. A consumer’s demographic information, how they perceive advertisements, brand exposure, and economic status are just a few factors that can affect their decision making process. In order learn more about the behaviors of buyers, consumer psychologists and businesses can conduct surveys; organize focus groups, send out questionnaires, or through direct observation. If a business can identify the buying habits and influences of their regular customers, they are presented with the opportunity to retain their business while make themselves and the customer happy. Psychological concepts discussed In their article, Exploration relationships between adoption of new consumer products and relationship marketing, Sarabi, Ahmadi, & Moradi argue that consumers’ characteristics affect their buying habits. According to Sarabi, Ahmadi & Moradi (2013), â€Å"Empirical research has demonstrated that social-demographic characteristics have significant influence on NPA behavior and suggests that younger, higher income and better educated consumers tend to accept market innovations more quickly† (para. 2). Another factor that influences their likeliness to buy or accept new  products is the image portrayed. For example, if sports fan sees their favorite player endorsing a sports drink, they may be more likely to purchase or try that brand of drink. In the second article, Scenes of consumer psychology by Rachel Bowlby, she discusses the presentation of consumer psychology in marketing. According to Bowlby, there are two types of consumers; romantic and classical. Bowlby states that romantic consumers are those who are influenced by their emotions. Does the product make them happy or feel a certain way? Does it make them feel nostalgic or affluent? The majority of society would be considered romantic consumers. Classical consumers, on the other hand, are those who look for the security and savings. They look for the simplest and most direct way to achieve their goal. When looking for a new cell phone the classical consumer may decide to go with the flip phone that doesn’t allow you to download a bunch of applications. However, the romantic consumer may start with the goal of buying a simple phone but is drawn in by the excitement of all the extras a smart phone may have to offer, even if not needed. Relationship between consumer psychology and marketing What both articles aim to show is that a person’s emotions and environment can influence their buying habits. If a business can identify emotional triggers in their regular customers, then they are able to keep them coming back. Another way a business can retain that business is by offering products that are within their regular customer’s socio-economic status. For example, my family owns a women’s clothing store. We see a wide range of customers for all walks of life. After building our business and customer base, we started to recognize faces and learn a little about them. Through observations and asking the right questions, we were able to determine that a large portion of our customer base was lower-middle class. We also found that we had many romantic-buyers who would see nice things that were affordable. One item that has appealed to our customer base is a brand of jeans that we carry. The name brand jean can cost over $100 per pair in a department store, but they are able to get a similar item for half the cost. Seeing that they were able to afford more and still get quality merchandise has made them more likely to purchase multiple items from us and continue to shop in our store. Conclusion Knowing what is important to customers is a critical component of business ownership. Both articles discussed have shown a relationship between consumers buying trends and how their decisions can be affected by their experience and opinions. Whether a consumer is basing his decision on logic or how the product makes them feel, it is the job of the merchant to learn their customer base to provide products that will make both types of customers happy and coming back for more. REFERENCES Bowlby, R. (1992). Scenes from consumer psychology. Critical Quarterly, 34(4), 51-64. Sarabi, S., Ahmadi, F., & Moradi, M. A. (2013). Exploration relationship between adoption of new consumer products and relationship marketing. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5(2), 80-89. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1426053966?accountid=458

Jalan Ampang Muslim Cemetery Essay

Everyone have their own idol. An idol defined as someone that we admired and respected very much. We proud with his achievement and his attitude towards everyone besides idol can be a good role model to us. The person that we can take them as our example to succeed in our life. P.Ramlee is one of artise who successful and achieve many awards in his career. Let’s talk about his background first. The real name of P.Ramlee is Teuku Zakaria Bin Teuku Nyak Puteh. As known as P.Ramlee since 1947. He was born in Penang at his grandmother’s house on 22nd of March 1929, on the Wednesday morning of Aidilfitri for that year. P.Ramlee’s father is Teuku Nyak Puteh Bin Teuku Karim who was an immigrant, a sailor from Lhoksemauwe in Acheh, Indonesia while his mother’s name was Che Mah Hussein, originated from Kubang Buaya, Seberang Perai, Penang. For our information, P. Ramlee had a step brother who is Sheikh Ali Mohamad who shared a same mother with P.Ramlee, who was Che Mah Hussein. P.Ramlee received his early schooling at the Malay School in Kampung Jawa and later at the Francis Light School until standard five. He subsequently continued his education at the Penang Free School. During the Japanese Occupation of Malaya, he was unable to continue with his schooling. In order to make a living, he worked as an office boy at a tine mine. At the same time, he also enrolled at the Japanese Army School and had brief opportunity to acquaint himself with the Japanese language and music. His hardworking and friendly disposition made him popular with the Japanese soldiers. When World War II ended, P. Ramlee continued his schooling at the Penang Free School, up to standard seven. He was active in sports and had a liking for football and sepak raga in 1939, he represented his school in the football team. Moreover, P. Ramlee had a great love for the arts. He was born with an artistic flair. That was an undeniable fact and it was obvious even in his early youth. Starting his familiarization in the musical arts at the age of around 13, the Ukelele and Violin were among the early instruments he took up.He displayed his musical talents with contemporary songs and melodious ‘Keroncong’ tunes together with his friends. It was through this that he received his first commission from Radio Malaya to entertain at social gatherings and events around Penang. P. Ramlee’s affinity for singing and music overshadowed his academic studies at school, this is widely attested to by the teachers who taught him. While singing at official functions, P. Ramlee would often be accompanied by a band, such as the Pancaragam Teruna Sekampung (All Kampung Youth Orchestra) and the Bintang Sore. His melodies voice soon became the talk of the town and soon many wanted to know more about his new star, a thin and pimple faced teenager. Besides became a singer, P.Ramlee also involved in directorate films. The beggining of this career where when he was in Singapore, his voice was initially used in background songs for Malay films. P.Ramlee was also a clapper boy and camera assistant. Noticing his interest and affinity for acting, his superiors auditioned him and eventually gave him small parts in films. The first film in which P. Ramlee had a role in was Chinta, released in 1948. Consequently, after acting in some 20 films, P.Ramlee eventually ventured into film direction, with his first effort Penarik Beca which was released in 1955. P.Ramlee is a great guy. He can be a singer, actor, composer and a director. His song and his voice very popular in Singapore. He is a abilities guy and a kind man. He loved to help people who asks his help. Although he is a well known guy, he never arrogant with his achievement. Many people liked with his behaviour towards anyone around him. On 1950, P.Ramlee married a woman who is Junaidah Daeng Harris , daughter of actor, Daeng Harris. Married in the early 50’s after the film Bakti, their relationship fell apart even though they had a child, Nasir. In February 1955, he get married for the second time with a woman who is Norizan. Unfortunately, his marriage failed for the second time and ended in divorce. Failure in a marriage does not discourage his spirit. Later on, P.Ramlee met a singer named Salmah Ismail whose stage name was Saloma. They got married in November 1961 in Tembeling Road, Singapore. Nevertheless, this third marriage was considered an ideal match because they were so right and suitable for each other, even in their duets. Moreover, P.Ramlee had gave many contribution to this country. Even after his death, we celebrate and appreciate his effort, and his achievement. For sure, P.Ramlee really deserved to be an idol to everyone. He had prove that, if we have a spirit to successful in our life and give effort on it, for sure, we can make it become a reality. Our teenagers should followed P.Ramlee’s step. What he doing untill he success in his life. Last but not least, we should remember his duty to our country.

Is the current welfare system a problem Essay

Poverty and inequality has always been the problem that confronts the many leaders of different nations. It was a long weary issue yet unfaltering. The many times we can behold it, the many times will I yell the grievances of the poor and the deprived. Hierarchy of classes occurs since time immemorial. The Biblical times even have account for that, but the most disgusting is the continuous perpetuation of the situation, the despicable and unfathomable exploitation of the poor by the elites and the growing wealth disparity. How many times did proposals were made and yet proposals remain as it is, it never attempt to address the basic needy of the poor. People grew weary and tired in of hoping that all their ails were to be address accordingly, but it was always a fancy illusion. When somebody toils for subsistence, the state always exploits him, his vulnerable soul. Heavy taxes and the cost of living were surging. How can he find fulfillment in a society, which he lives thereby/ it’s all useless. Even justice was at all naught. It favors those who live in luxury and never was fashioned to the marginal population. In every corners of the world, anvil is laid for the rich, and never for the poor. Sometimes, you cannot blame for their wrongdoings, for their transgression on the lives of others. The society pushes them to do so, and apparently, their body reacts. Even the figures published by the government were all falsely done. In a broader perspective poverty does not alleviate, it even upsurge. We need not to dig deeper on the and establish a methodology to measure a single family their capability or incapability to sustain their family to come up to a conclusive grounds that they are really belongs to the poverty line. It is more then enough to see their famished predisposition. But famish must be understood not on its context only. Everybody feels famish at times, anyway. Famish co-exist with duration. The longevity of being coiled to starvation is not a natural process of life. It is a disease inflicted by the society’s unsophisticated individuals. Thus, it is problems that need to be resolve before it’s too late to mend it. Enough for the hullabaloo’s of many politicians who intermittently exhibit their philanthropist being, because as quoted and which I have absorb the lot â€Å"those that are lavish in words are niggard in deeds†, it is undoubtedly true. We cannot deny the fact that we are inclined to let things bend over us, to satisfy our tiny whims or our desire to shower ourselves with gold. But let this not blind us. In the far end, we will become the victim of our addiction. For if we let the hurricane whirls on our surrounding and we keep still, we will sink in the center and drown out to death. The powerless and aimless vast number and keeps on expanding poverty-stricken families will one day, gain their leverage to unite in numbers and fight the oppressors of the world, to oust them in power and to establish a society devoid of injustices and inequality. The rise of modernism aggravated the plight of the poor; you cannot blame them to raise a couple of counter reactions against the elites; their rights and privileges were deprived and naturally, they were determined to assert it. Why should we wait for ‘Nature’s vendetta’ to come when we can make tiny reparations and adjustments to give what is due for our brothers and sisters. This about it, tomorrow will never become brighter, while the remnants of injustices are alive. Yet, we are looking forward to a brighter future. Let’s then mark an end to widening poverty line in our own tiny ways.

Role of therapist in serving the old population Research Paper

Role of therapist in serving the old population - Research Paper Example The growth in the aging population in developed countries like United States of America has rendered due complexity to the treatment of complex diseases and chronic illnesses. The treatment of chronic illnesses in case of aging population demands the enhanced involvement of the human factor. The traditional systems of providing healthcare services to the aging population requires a sea change with the incorporation of a team of medical professionals operating in various medical fields. Further the modern health care system focused at elderly population must also encompass a larger network of specialized hospitals and nursing homes. Moreover more effective concepts promoting the development of rehabilitation centers along with home care systems pave the goal to health care success for the old people. This integrated model of modern healthcare is considered to be the most effective in providing proper medical services to the growing ageing population in United States. The aging people tend to become weak and frail to continue with their daily functions. Thus physicians largely relate moderate walking exercises and conducting of other activities where the elderly people can better communicate with themselves as potential instruments to help the elderly population regain confidence. Thus hospitals and nursing homes providing healthcare services to the old population must perform in an integrated network with also assisting collaboration from social and rehabilitation bodies. This will entail success to the treatment offered (Cassel, Fleece, & Reddy, 2009, pp. 47, 52-54). Role of Therapist in serving the old population Family Therapy The increase in the level of life expectancy in the United States is contributing a growth in the elderly population in United States. Further the mass of the elderly population in United States owes its origin to the baby boomer effect in the country. The elderly population in these countries largely feels unsecured about the changes h appening in the society. They feel traumatized about the various events happening around their surroundings. Hence elderly people suffering from chronic diseases often feel themselves to have become burdens on their family members and hence suffer from acute depression. In addition to the above effects the elderly people tend to take a lot of medicines by themselves without adhering to prescriptions. This leads to increased complications. Thus therapists taking care of the old population must endeavor to understand the complex family relationships of the elderly people with other factors like loneliness for having lost their spouses. This reflects the pressing need for a proper psychotherapy treatment to be offered to the elderly patients to help revive their condition. However, research shows that only a small fraction of the old population has proper access to this type of treatment. The main causes attributed behind such are lack of proper awareness about the treatment type. Ther apists’ failure to convince the old people to take resort to such treatments to cultivate their well-being has resulted into the development of negative mindsets about such treatment. Further the treatment type require high amount of expenditure often not met by the insurance companies thus culminating to their refraining to take resort to such treatments. The therapists providing health care services are also found to ignore the needs for providing psychotherapy to the elderly population. Therapists are often found stating that elderly people are stubborn by nature and hence do not feel the need to change. These medical professionals suffer from lack of training and lack of interest in their endeavor to serve the old population. The therapists tend to draw a stereotypic mindset that the elderly people are tough patients to be treated and hence must be left at their own plight. Thus healthy care bodies have come up in America, which is endeavoring to create mass awareness amo ng the elderly popul

Galileo's Siderius Nuncius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Galileo's Siderius Nuncius - Essay Example k became a sensation that made Galileo famous and well-known in his time, as well as initiating further discoveries of how celestial bodies such as the rocky planets, the Earth’s moon, Jupiter and its satellites, the Sun’s spots as well as discovering larger numbers of stars in constellations such as Orion and the Pleiades that cannot be easily seen by naked eyes through a compound telescope (13). While Galileo’s discoveries stirred controversy with the Catholic Church by disproving the scriptures regarding how planets, the sun, and other celestial bodies orbit the Earth, his method of observing the movement of planets with satellites, mainly Jupiter and its four moons allowed for the support of the Copernican theory of planetary movement, and initialising the disproving of the traditionally-accepted Aristotelian theory of a geocentric view of the cosmos. Galileo reported his initial observations of three bright bodies around the planet Jupiter, which he noticed to change positions in the course of a few months, from January to March of 1610, but remarkably remained in a straight line all throughout the time of observation (64). He begun observing the large planet around early January, wherein he records the appearance of three bright stars orbiting around Jupiter, but do not have similar sizes, and in which Galileo describes as such: â€Å"the more eastern one and the western one appeared a bit larger than the remaining one† (65). After a few days, Galileo observed another star which was hidden behind Jupiter, emerging and trailing in a straight line along the other three stars that were initially discovered a few days prior, in which Galileo describes the alignment to be similar to the alignment of the zodiac constellations (66). After observing Jupiter and its Medicean stars (later found out to be its satellites or moons) f or a period of three months, Galileo was able to compare the stars’ orbit to the Earth’s and Mars’ moons, which change phases at

Critically analyze the arguments against corporate power in Joel Essay

Critically analyze the arguments against corporate power in Joel Bakans book (The Corporation) - Essay Example akan’s famous book â€Å"The Corporation† vividly visualizes these negative demeanors of the corporations and suggests the ways and means to have tighter control over them, mainly to make them to engage in more corporate social responsibility activities. This research essay reviews the above book and details the Bakan’s important critiques and suggestions to make the corporations around the world to be law-abiding citizens. Joel Bakan’s book â€Å" the Corporation â€Å" is a book about the corporate form of business , it salient features as of today , the manner it functions and the impact it has on people and also deals with the so-called corporate social responsibility, and it brings to the front core about various corporate frauds and malpractices together its insulting demeanor. Joel Bakan argues that corporations are facilitated by law to work for their interests than that for others, thereby exploiting others without least respect for moral turpitude or legal frameworks. The so-called doctrine Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the majority of the cases functions to camouflage its true identity or color thereby discarding public interest and enriching self-interest. Bakan is of the opinion that corporations which function as institution , which have the self-drafted mandate to work for its own self-interest and hence , these corporations are nothing but pathological organization, and they are now regarded as the most dangerous organization toothed with extraordinary powers through laws. In Chapter 1, Bakan is of the view that recent corporate scandals like Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, Satyam, etc. is not a new phenomenon, but it existed from the inception of corporate form of business. People now started to concern about the mammoth size of multinational companies, and the authority that these companies veil on the gullible public which has made a concomitant demand of introducing harsher regulations to control and manage these corporations. Bakan

Personal Professional Ethical Code Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Professional Ethical Code - Essay Example Therefore, organizational ethics refers to the principles and standards that guide the operations and interactions in an organization. This expresses the values that an organization holds to its employees and its other entities regardless of government laws. In making my ethical decisions, the process would have six core components – problem recognition, identification of alternatives, evaluation of alternatives, decision making, decision implementation and decision evaluation. The first is problem recognition where I evaluate moral standards and analyze to identify where discrepancies exist. This indicates areas with problems. It would be followed by identifying possible alternatives. These would be options adopted to ensure observance of moral obligations. Thirdly, these alternatives would be evaluated where the strengths and weaknesses of each option would be considered. The fourth core component in this process would be decision making where the decision that needs to be made would be given a thought. The critical component of implementing the decision would then follow where the decision would be made into action. Finally, the evaluation of the decision would cap the process, determining whether the implemented decision was effective and whether there would be need to start the process all over again. My professional code of ethics regards the code of ethics observed in a plastic manufacturing firm, particularly under product management. Plastics are known to be an environmental menace if not handled properly. As such, respect for environment forms one of the basic code of ethics for my profession. This would promote efforts towards designing and manufacturing products that have minimal impact to the environment. Going by the argument by Pojman and Fieser (2008), environment is an example of intrinsic good as it is just good by nature. Through the Environment, Health and Safety policy, this

BARIATRIC SURGERY FOR OBESITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BARIATRIC SURGERY FOR OBESITY - Essay Example Not everybody can undergo bariatric, or weight loss surgery. The prospective patient needs to undergo physical examination to determine whether s/he can qualify for the procedure. One consideration is the person’s body mass index, or BMI. It is the standard way to define overweight, obesity, and morbid obesity. The BMI, according to Torpy (1986), is calculated based on a persons height and weight—weight in kilograms (2.2 pounds per kilogram) divided by the square of height in meters (39.37 inches per meter). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) requires a body mass index (BMI) greater than 40. This is the equivalent of being about 100 pounds overweight for men and 80 pounds overweight for women (Consumer Guide to Weight Loss Surgery (Bariatric Surgery), 2005). Only when a person is found to be morbidly obese is bariatric surgery offered as recourse. If all else has failed ( including medical treatment), as well as lifestyle changes of healthy eating and regular exercise, then bariatric surgery is an option. However, if a person is not found to be morbidly obese, but s/he suffers from health-related illnesses such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol, bariatric surgery can be offered as an option. Otherwise, bariatric surgery will not be considered. Age is another consideration. Adolescents can be considered for the procedure only when they have tried to lose weight for at least six month, but been unsuccessful. Just like the adult candidates, adolescents must be extremely obese, with BMI greater than 40. They must also have reached their adult height. It’s usually 13, or older, for girls; and 15, or older for boys, and have serious weight-related health problems, such as type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, heart disease, or significant functional or psychosocial impairment (Bariatric Surgery for Severe Obesity, 2009). Further, physical considerations are not enough for adolescent candidates. They, together with their parents, need

Company law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Company law - Essay Example The court of appeal upheld Chandler’s claims against Cape plc., and acknowledged that damages were available for the claimant from the parent firm. The liability was placed on the parent firm for which the claimant was an employee to its subsidiary. The subsidiary firm that employed Chandler had ceased operations by the time Chandler sued for damages. However, the High Court upheld Chandler’s claims, and so did the Court of appeal. Although corporate personality requires that a company within a group of companies should handle its liabilities independently, the court held that the parent company was liable for tortious negligence to Chandler. The decision made by the Court of appeal critically influences the legal provisions that govern corporate operations in more ways than just linking subsidiary liabilities to the parent firms as already seen in the Chandler v Cape plc case. Agency principles that relate to common law are often used in determining closely related cases that are filed on similar grounds. In this respect, parties that are relatively bound to benefit on the same ground as that realized by Chandler could file lawsuits against parent firms for liabilities that could have been rather carried by their subsidiaries. The corporate veil between the subsidiary and the parent firm was lifted on the ground that the parent firm best understood the working conditions that the subsidiary was subjecting its employees to. Legally, the court held that the parent firm was as liable as its subsidiary. However, the subsidiary was no longer operational, thus transferring the negligence liability to the parent firm. Duty of care existed between Chandler and the parent firm, through the employing subsidiary. Corporate veil prompts that the employees clearly understand the direct liable party in relation to whom they act for2. The obligations of all the

Business asignment 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business asignment 2 - Research Paper Example 4. b. They are selling a well-designed machine. 5. a. Argentina, Brazil, Mexico-these are the countries we hope to concentrate on. 6. b. Only two sites-maybe three-offer the things we need. 7. c. How many owner-operators are in the industry? 8. b. You ever faithful assistance deserves-without a doubt-a substantive raise. 9. b. The charts are well placed on each page-unlike the running heads and footers. 10. a. Your devil-may-care attitude affects everyone in the decision-making process. Chapter 5 1. On p. 148, under â€Å"Apply Your Knowledge,† do question 1, 2 and 5. With number 5, note that at the end you are asked to explain your answer. As you do so, tell how you can make such content clearer by applying the concepts in our chapter. 1. Manufacturers do not have the responsibility of ensuring that customers read the warnings on food products. However, it is their responsibility to use simple and understandable language in the warnings. 2. When communicating business message s, I would use a direct method of communicating that is precise to ensure an authentic voice and still project my company’s image. 5. Whether the logical sequence of my message is obvious, I have to use transitions. This is because it maintains the status of my position and ensures that I am understood perfectly. 2. On p. 148-151, under â€Å"Exercises,† do 1-3, 12-13 and 19b. ... we have portrayed a lot of patience j. we fail to understand 2. a. when an email order cannot be processed, the order form can be used instead b. it is important to bring my credit card to the store c. a 25 percent discount will be offered on all 15-inch LCD screens sales by the store d. the applicant interested in the position of a bookkeeper is bright enough and capable of handling a good job e. the request for $25 has been honored f. it wouldn’t have been necessary to learn how to use the machine properly if I had cared doing a good job g. the opportunity to run the company now was as a result of the strategy presentation this morning, which had brilliant ideas that could not fail. h. everybody’s pay has been delayed due to the massive upgrade of the accounts payable system i. the sickness and lack of energy to work through the numbers by the evaluator has delayed the report j. my computer could have given me the news from online sources that MyTravel and Thorn Cook were in a merger talk 3. a 10 day remit on payment using credit card avoids spoiling its rating b. refunds are offered on returned merchandise that is not soiled c. we will ship your order after 10 days in which we will have replenished Baby Cry dolls d. for the blouse you ordered, specify the color e. during winter, waterbeds freeze in all unheated houses. Therefore, you will pay $9.50 to cover for the valve replacement and postage. 9. a. during this spring, b. a good amount of savings c. a good number was in attendance d. more efficient e. increased size of the working area f. restructure the website to flatten it 3. On p. 151, do 1-10 on the "Improve Your Grammar, Mechanics and Usage" exercise (just write out which choice is the correct one). 1. their

What are the main causes that lead to monopoly Essay

What are the main causes that lead to monopoly - Essay Example The producer should have the necessary infrastructure that includes technology and other requirements which enable them to produce the specific goods or services and sell them at a reasonable price. This situation can be construed as a natural monopoly because the competitors cannot produce such commodities with patented technological capability, which they cannot acquire. The producer will have an exclusive control over a patent with regard to the manufacturing process of a specific product. Moreover, a company may be granted a right to produce a commodity or service by the government (Peterson, Monopoly, 2005). Monopoly bestows upon a producer an exclusive possession of the market. Since, the producer controls the production it is possible for him to reduce production and increase prices with the sole aim of maximizing profits. Monopoly exists whenever the market has barriers to prevent the entry of competitors. The government creates such barriers in the case of natural monopolies. Further, the government itself provides some specific services or goods through local governmental bodies or franchises the same to a company and it regulates the production and prices of goods or services. Moreover, patents also create barriers in the market (Monopoly, 2003). Technological advancement or the necessity to use a particular variety of machinery to produce commodities also serves to discourage competitors. Furthermore, large scale production and integrated operations enhance efficiency, and cost effective measures reduces prices. Adopting such measures will be beneficial to companies to cut down costs and provide goods to the consumers at reduced rates. Monopoly arises when a company indulges in anticompetitive activities which create barriers to trade (Monopoly, 2003). In order to avoid abuse of the status of monopoly and to protect the consumers from monopolistic behaviour of companies, most nations

Ethnic group Essay Example for Free

Ethnic group Essay Crash is highly ambiguous in the depiction of multiculturalism in American society. Almost all the ethnicities depicted in Crash question the perception others have their particular group, but at the same time affirm the different stereotypes surrounding their ethnic group. For example, one of the black characters (‘Anthony’) remarks that they should be afraid in a white neighborhood, due to their group’s association with crime. Following this intelligent observation, he and his friend (‘Peter’) proceed to steal a car from a white couple (Rick and Jean Cabot), affirming the stereotype whites have of them. Another example would be the Persian-American father, who is accused by a gun-store owner to be a danger to society, The father denies this fact, but ends up shooting a child. This ambiguous portrayal shows us one of the dilemmas of Multiculturalism in American society. While it strives to acknowledge diversity, it also promotes color consciousness by rejecting color-blind solutions. To quote Gordon and Newfield â€Å"Multiculturalism in the 1980’s sponsored renewed protests against white racism and yet it appeared to replace the emphasis on race and racism with an emphasis on cultural diversity. Multiculturalism rejected racial subordination but seemed sometimes to support itâ€Å". While Gordon and Newfield also attest that â€Å"multiculturalism often avoided race. It designated cultures†, but multiculturalism in Crash inexorably comes down to race and ethnicity. The characters in Crash think in terms of race or ethnicity, not culture. Despite the fact that every major character is culturally ‘American’, race is the definitive factor in determining identity. The upper-class African-American Cameron is accused of not being ‘black’ enough. The Persian-American father is angered that he is mistaken for being an Arab (traditionally considered to be part of the Hamitic race), while both ethnicities can be considered part of Islamic culture. The Asian-American characters and the Cambodian immigrants are first and foremost ‘Asian’ and no attempt is made to distinguish them culturally. This can clearly be seen at the end of the movie; Anthony drops the Cambodians off in Chinatown, an ‘Asian’ neighborhood, inhabited by Chinese-Americans whose culture and language is completely foreign to the Cambodians. Furthermore everyone from South-American is labeled as Latino or Hispanic, despite the fact that Brazilians are culturally and linguistically Portuguese and that Argentina is more ‘white’ than the United States. Detective Ria is called Mexican (the most common Hispanic group in Los Angeles) multiple times in the movie, despite having a shared Puerto Rican and El-Salvadorian background. One must understand that there is a racial divide or a perceived racial divide in American society, not just between the white American majority and minority groups but between different minority groups as well. This is best seen during Crash’s opening scene, where a ‘native’ Asian-American woman (Kim Lee) accuses the ‘native’ Hispanic Ria of being an illegal immigrant in broken English. Another example would be the privileged African-American Cameron. After an attempted carjacking, he is mistaken for one of the carjackers, due to his belligerent attitude and encounters a racial divide that completely nullifies his privileged position. In other words, his upper-class job gave him a degree of ‘whiteness’, which dissipates when he is mistaken for a ‘black’ thug. The racial divide is best described by Ronald Takaki, a Japanese-American and a professor on multicultural American during an encounter with a taxi driver. The taxi driver asked how long he had been in the US; Takaki interpreted his question in terms of race: â€Å"Somehow I did not look ‘American’ to him; my eyes and complexion looked foreign. Suddenly we both became aware of a racial divide between us†. For the taxi driver, an Asian man speaking good English was somehow remarkable and likely made his comment without any racist connotations. For the Japanese-American Takaki, it was a reminder that the notion of ‘Americaness’ was still closely related to race. Another Academic, Schlesinger notes that â€Å"The bonds of cohesion in our society are sufficiently fragile, or so it seems to me, that it makes no sense to strain them by encouraging and exalting cultural and linguistic apartheid. The American identity will never be fixed and final; it will always be in the making†. Despite being an assimilationist, Schlesinger has a valid argument, at least with this quote. ‘American’ is not a fixed identity; it means different things to different minority groups. For the Asian-American woman, speaking broken English raised no questions regarding her Asian-American identity, while the Hispanic Ria was dumbfounded by the fact that the women accused her of being an illegal in broken English. Schlesinger correctly notes how fragile the bonds between the different ethnic groups are. This returns in Crash, where almost every ‘multicultural’ interaction is the result of a crash or conflict. As Gordon and Newfield point out in their essay, multiculturalism might have placed the emphasis on cultural diversity, rather than race or racism, but it has done little to deal with the underlying racial divide that exists in American society. Bibliography. â€Å"Argentina Demographics Profile 2010†, Index Mundi, accessed 10-3-2010, http://www. indexmundi. com/argentina/demographics_profile. html Avery Gordon and Christopher Newfield, Mapping Multiculturalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 3-4 Schlesinger, Arthur M. , The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (New York: Norton, 1992) 137-138 Takaki, Ronald, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (New York: Back Bay Books, 1993) 1-2.

Benefits of Art in Education

Benefits of Art in Education In the following text will be announcement about art and how it influences in develop of creativity and intelligence in the kids. The human being always has been in contact with the art since we were born for that reason art has a huge impact in us. Each people born with innate ability of create but with the pass of the years this has lost. When we incorporate art in academic develop the students have a best interpersonal relationship and also their brain development is better. In addition the implementation of art in the schools have been increasing obtaining excellent results to academic level and also there is a new technical for better our education system across of games. This technical is called ludic learning that is based in games of this forms the students can learning better are be more outgoing also put more attention in their classes because they are not stressful nor boring. There they develop their creativity and imagination. For this reason, art is fundamental for grow th intellectual in the kids. Since every human being had born with an innate ability of imagination and create. For that reason art, music, even sports always they were with us. The obsolete education system leaves aside our innate ability of relationship and its focus on the critical and rational thing. Subjects like mathematics, chemistry and physics have greater relevance than art, music and sports but this will change. All the people around the world are completely different is for this reason we need different form of teach because each people learn of different way. Art is a fundamental tool for better in the intellectual growth of the children. The actual schools should founded the develop of art in the classes because of this form the kids can better their abilities like reason and their creativity and this away could be in the future a excellences people that they have good interpersonal relationship and also be good professionals. Art could be work it since a very young age because it encourages develop childrens brain. Allowing them develop right hemisphere and so to have a vast intelligence to expand others skills like relationship between people, capacity for to lean others languages, even their self-esteem is better. Also, art acts positively in the life of the people because many people have fallen in drug addition, vandalism between others, but they have been able leave this thanks the positively encourage of art. When we grow up lost our innate skills of imagine and create, but if we develop the abilities of children since very young with games, paintings, etc. They can better these abilities. According to the National Institutes of Health, developmental milestones around age three should include drawing a circle and beginning to use safety scissors. Around age four, children may be able to draw a square and begin cutting straight lines with scissors. Many preschool programs emphasize the use of scissors because it develops the dexterity children will need for writing. For this way we can improving their develop of brain and have a better education though art. ( Lynch, G. 2012) A report by Americans for the Arts states that young people who participate regularly in the arts (three hours a day on three days each week through one full year) are four times more likely to be recognized for academic achievement. To participate in a math and science fair or to win an award for writing an essay or poem than children who do not participate. (Lynch, G. 2012). When the art is in the schools the students are more relaxed because across of art they can express their ideas and feel more rested. Nowadays our interpersonal relationship is broken because the people prefer their computer or use internet. But this can change across the art. Art is the door of our things and feelings. Many people cannot have a good relationship with words, this was because when they was children cannot express their feelings but if we teach kids others ways to express their feelings we can improve the interpersonal relationship. According to choreographer, Diana F. Green (2015) Art like dance uses the body as an instrument the body could be a form to express their feelings and for this way they improving their emotional intelligence. Current research have revealed the importance of the arts implementation in the schools as tool for intellectual growth in kids. In fact, the artistic disciplines are involved in pedagogical practices. They infuse the creative think in the children. Besides this develops a deep think, less systematic. Likewise, the children can find many ways for resolve a problem because art is joined with creativity and further enhances growth of the intellectual development. There are many researches that exposes that children influenced for music have better grades in their schools. An article published in 2009 by Kimberly L. music and apprenticeship show that neuroscience society found some areas of our brain that involve movement and coordination are better in musical people and less in common people. In addition many experts recommend to parents make listen classic and harmonic music to their children. Of this away their sensory, emotional and auditory teaches is developed. Through of time the education system has been changed. For this reason countries like Finland has art, music and sports involved the academic life of the students. They since have started their studies have a lot of hours for developing their imagination and creativity through of paint, play an instrument, write and others. Also, it has been implemented a new art of teaching called playful learning. This new form of teaching is based on touch with games. It makes the kids learn very quickly and better. In the same way, has been inserted in the school this method is getting huge results. The students pay more attention and are very outgoing in classes because when they make games like teaching they are more open to learning and their stress levels are drastically reduced. Between these playful practices, art is always present because it allows to expand our skylines on the subject of teaching. According an article by the magazine Artz said demonstrates intelligences relation to creativity, one that is vital for not only understanding creative thinking, but for improving it. The creativity which encompasses art and imagination are tightly join to intelligence. At present it is not enough be only a genius, but also have the capacity to relate to people, of expanding your ideas, or create and invent. In addition many people around the world thing that art does not have any bonding with the intelligence but this is not correct because the artist people development more parts of their brain that ordinal people. Also, the art can take us away is so in the newspaper called el comercio it said Quito urban places has transform in a canvas of a new form of language (Flores G., 2016). Ecuador is changing its form of seeing this street art because art symbolizes for artist a form to express their feelings, a develop emotional intelligence. Is for that thanks to a lot of graffiti paintings in the capital has led Ecuador to be recognized internationally for its art. In conclusion, the human being always had a need to show that their feelings of different forms. For that we born with an innate ability to create that it is reflected in the art. However, art for many years was separate from intelligence because thought that they are things completely different. Nowadays, and thanks many researches and experiments had been determined that art and intelligent go hand in hand. It is more people do not just involve the science, but also their art. They develop do not only left hemisphere, but also right hemisphere. It gives them as result the increase of some abilities that with the pass of the years and for many factors they had lost it. In addition, many experts say that stimulating babies with music, art and others positively affects the brain of the children as it enhances the cognitive response of the right hemisphere. It is for this reason that the implementation of art as an aid to improve intelligence has been incorporated in schools where children from an early age are motivated with games, songs, paintings, etc. To learn from what they have obtained very good results because the students are more relaxed and pay more attention to a didactic class than an absolute. In addition, thanks to the involvement of art in schools, children are not only educated to be great professionals, but also develop as people because through art their ability to create and imagine, their interpersonal relationship improves are less systematic. Fortunately art is no longer left aside, but rather placed as an importance in the development of the child since it has come to take the place that corresponds because without art, without creativity the intelligence would not develop completely, in fact the Creativity allows us to look at other ways, other ways to reach the same goal, this is extremely important in the intelligence of the people because it allows us to be human beings with a greater reasoning and a criterion more vast when making decisions. References: Cooper, B. (2013, November 20). 8 Surprising Ways Music Affects and Benefits our Brains. . Retrieved November 19, 2016, from https://blog.bufferapp.com/music-and-the-brain. Flores, G. (2016, January 09) El arte urbano de Quito es reconocido internacionalmente. Retroceded November 19, 2016, from http://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/arteurbano-quito-grafiti-warmipaint-detonarte.html Jurvetson, S. (2013, January 21). The relationship between creativity and intelligence. Retrieved November 19,2016, from http://creativesomething.net/post/41103661291/the-relationship-between-creativity-and Reyes, f. (2014, October 17). El aprendizaje là ºdico: una novedosa estrategia de capacitacià ³n. Retrieved November 19, 2016, Wai, j. (2011, April 12). If you are creative, are you also intelligent? Retrieved November 19, 2016, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/finding-the-next-einstein/201104/if-you-are-creative-are-you-also-intelligent. from https://sp-marketing.com/el-aprendizaje-ludico-como-estrategia-de-capacitacion/

The Qualitative Or Quantitative Processes Psychology Essay

The Qualitative Or Quantitative Processes Psychology Essay Development on the whole is a complex teleological concept; it constitutes a direction and an end it involves various stages and is certainly not as simple as it seems. The view of development is used to provide meaning and order to changes that occur over time in childrens development. Development involves biological, emotional and psychological changes that take place in humans between the period of birth and towards the end of adolescence, as they progress from dependency to autonomy. During prenatal stage, developmental changes are strongly influenced by genetic factors and other events. There are various different concepts embedded in the view of development that, upon watching it closely does not seem so obvious. The idea of development is clear but the directions, mechanisms and ends of development are not so obvious. The aim of this essay is to discuss a controversial issue in developmental science enflamed by nativists, that is whether it is qualitative or quantitative proce sses that assist us in different developmental aspects. With the perspective of dynamical systems theory this essay defends qualitative change by briefly discussing dynamical systems theory briefly due to word count limit provided for this essay. This essay also shows that qualitative and quantitative changes should not be considered in opposition as they are aligned phenomenons that they very much work hand in hand across different time scales and play a fundamental role in developmental processes. Qualitative change refers to when individuals progress in developmental stages results in them becoming different than how they were earlier or continuous gradual accumulation of small changes e.g. the way children behave, think and perceive the world in a different manner as they mature or after acquiring language children look at the world in a completely different manner, as now he/she is able to give names and now have the ability to think about abstract objects that do not have concrete reality. Whereas quantitative change occurs as a result of continuous acquisition of novel information and experiences. Children grow physically stronger and bigger and acquire sophisticated knowledge for instance a child who after being two years old has grown few inches and has gained 12 pounds, so growth in weight and height indicates quantative differences. Essentially big sudden changes in development, as simple as they seem are actually result of a accumulation of gradual various miniature changes, that are even hard to notice sometimes for instance it might seem that children start walking suddenly, but is a result of rather series of small changes in development which involves steady growth and strengthening of muscles that can assist the child to lift the body weight. Child development shows a mixture of both types of qualitative and quantitative changes in processes and they are equally important. Children advances in cognitive abilities in terms of processing of information, younger children are unable to hold a number of objects in their memory in compare to older children (quantitative change). The memory of older children is qualitatively different as they are capable of using various strategies e.g. organization of information and practice to improve the number of information they can hold in their memory but younger children do not use these strategies (quantitative change) as they are not aware of them. Between 4 and 10 months in children, qualitative change shows how categories are learned and represented possibly because of the onset of language emergence in children. The idea of transformational change and continuity in development has been popular points of controversy in the history of science. In the past two decades growing number of theories claimed of continuity amongst infants and older children abilities. Most of these theories come from nativist tradition, by showing infants amazing abilities and their seeming association to forms of cognition (e.g. Meltzoff Moore, 1977; Wynn 1992). Kagan (2008) claims that theories of continuity are exaggerated e.g childrens capability to use complex semantic networks are qualitatively different from infants ability to form perceptual schemata in looking tasks. The empirical evidence of childrens competence is on insignificant grounds as empirical record is based on single measure of infants performance which was the final looking time and is influenced by a lot of factors and has been overlooked in the past by psychologists and researchers interested in revealing early competence in children. This essay uses an example of development of dynamical systems view, theoretical framework in order to understand the two important issues of whether development occurs through qualitative or quantitative processes. The aim is to define qualitative development from a dynamical systems view. I argue that qualitative changes in structural organization of behaviour happens at the time scale of behaviour the second to second time scale of thoughts, actions, emotions. This idea states that the changes that occur over development and learning is due to qualitatively different behavioural states and depends upon the stability and infants or childs flexible shifting from one state to the other state. Dynamical systems theory was introduced to developmental science by Thelen and Smith (1994) with the publication of (A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action). During the past two decades concepts of Dynamical systems theory has been applied to various phenomenas for example motor development (Corbetta Thelen, 1996), socio emotional development (Lewis Lamey Douglas, 1999), cognitive development (Spencer et al; 2007). DST determines that development is a non linear process (Thelen 1989), which states that movement in children is not developed in a continuous steady rate and in a continuous manner, but it goes through lots of changes in a sub system which eventually results in the whole system to be able to shift and consequently results in a novel motor behaviour (Smith Thelen 1993). What does qualitative mean? For various developmental researchers the term qualitative refers to transformational change which is creating something novel that is not associated to something old for instance caterpillars transforms in to a butterfly from a cocoon, what goes in to the cocoon does not really similar to what comes out. Is that a qualitative change? Is it not obvious that there has to be some biological connection between the caterpillar and the butterfly? Is it the transformation or continuity as well as discontinuity or could it be that perceptual schemata might be connected to the appearance of the initial semantic network? In the past abrupt and transformational changes were thought to show qualitative rearrangements in development but when examined at finer levels of detail they tend to be more continuous. (Adolph, Robinson, Young, Gill- Alvarez, in press; Siegler, 1994; Siegler, 1996). DST defines qualitative frame work in a precise manner showing evidence of identification of qualitative change process, and the connection between qualitative and continuous changes. The qualitative transformation with regards to DST takes place when a system shifts from one attractor condition via stability to another attractor condition. Dynamical systems are defined as mathematically modelled systems that use equations which show the rate of change of one system of variable at each moment in time. If the current state of the system and its direction of change which is how fast the system is moving along in a line assists us to use the current state, add the amount of change and then it is possible to predict where the system will be at the next point over time. Successful completion of this process can lead to the possibility of us to learn in detail the development of a child and to predict each step along the way. The issue is that dynamical developmental systems are really complex. We are unable to understand all the details of a complex system, so we have to go for something simple. We have to learn how the system acts around certain specific points known as attractors, which enable the system to gravitate over time. The complication is that these attractors have the capability to change themselves. When a qualitative transition takes place in a dynamical system it shifts from being in the local territory of one attractor to losing that attractor and gravitating toward a new one. The question stands is that how do we learn when one attractor becomes unstable and other one appears this process is known as bifurcation review Braun, (1994). There are three important critical points to be considered. First one is that qualitative change in DST is dependent on the change in the attractor states of the system which is a shift from state of stability through instability in to a different attractor state. Second one is that just by observing the system behave in time cannot explain the processes involved in the system, thirdly there is an important association between continuity and qualitative change within DST. Qualitative changes arise from continuous changes in various aspects of the system e.g. when a neural system is moved through a small change in self excitation from a perceptual state to working memory state. Changes in the dynamics of system are often seen as shifting of attractor wells. Various categories of action appear as infants shift from reaching to crawling to walking and so forth. At specific time in development the collection of wells grasps potential actions. And the depth of different wells grasps the stability of the specific action type. Table no 1 shows various developmental theories and their position with regards to qualitative vs. quantitative changes controversies, (Berk, 2003; McDevitt Ormrod, 2004). DST states that infants can self assemble, novel motor attributes in new situations. It also states that development occurs in individual children solving unique issues in their own ways. Thelen suggests that every child is different with regards to their body, their experiences and nervous system. It is impossible to predict the course of development. The research carries on. Conclusion: This essay discussed whether it is qualitative or quantitative changes that assist developmental processes in human beings. Child development involves both qualitative and quantitative growth processes and the emergence of differentiation capabilities over time. The challenge of dynamical systems is to learn and understand development, how qualitatively novel attractors appear in real time and how they become stable and accessible to promote development. This essay defends qualitative shifts as they play such a vital role as to what emerges over development is all about. The important thing is that qualitative and quantitave (continuous, gradual) shifts or changes should not be held in opposition. The view of qualitative and quantitative changes should go hand in hand. DST provides defence of qualitative development, a frame work to understand the connection amongst qualitative and quantitative development and pushes our learning and understanding of development towards l ocal time scale where continuity and appearance go hand in hand in order to produce novel things from something that is old. Table 1: Seven developmental theories and their position with regards to qualitative vs. quantitative changes controversies, (Berk, 2003; McDevitt Ormrod, 2004) Theory Nature vs. Nurture Qualitative vs. Quantitative Social Learning Interaction of nature and nurture Quantitative Biological Maturational Nature Quantitative and qualitative Ecological Interaction of nature and nurture Quantitative Psychosocial Interaction of nature and nurture Qualitative Cognitive Developmental Interaction of nature and nurture Qualitative Behaviorist Nurture Quantitative Sociocultural Interaction of nature and nurture, with more emphasis on nurture Quantitative

The Bush Stimulus Package :: Essays Papers

The Bush Stimulus Package President Bush has just unveiled his new $674 billion economic stimulus package. The Democrats, although they have little chance of getting it passed in the GOP-controlled Senate, have countered with a plan of their own, with a much lower tab of $136 billion. The centerpiece of the Bush plan is arguably the elimination of the tax on dividends paid by shareholders, which makes up a hefty $364 billion of the entire sum. The reasoning is that it is unfair to tax corporate earnings once and then again tax them when they are paid out as dividends to shareholders. However, the president’s logic is faulty in that there are many instances of so-called double taxation in our society. For example, when one earns a dollar as part of one’s income, it is taxed and then it is taxed again in the form of sales tax when the dollar is spent. Another criticism lodged at the White House is that the repeal of the dividends tax benefits the wealthy in a disproportionate manner. Democrats charge that the wealthiest one percent of Americans would stand to gain over forty percent of the benefits. This is partly due to the fact that the wealthiest generally receive the greatest percentage of their income from dividends. Analysts say Mr. Bush is trying to appeal to the new â€Å"investor class†, which now includes the majority of Americans. Interestingly enough, senior citizens and retirees comprise a significant portion of stockholders who collect on dividends. That is what allows George W. Bush to claim that repeal of dividends tax is designed to benefit seniors, when wealthy investors will reap the most reward. The purpose, in theory at least, of ending double taxation is to put more money in the hands of investors, and to encourage more Americans to invest in the ailing stock market, which is now near an all-time low. Another beneficial effect will be to encourage large corporations to pay dividends, thus giving more money to Americans. If this money goes towards consumption and private and capital investment, the economy will inevitably get a much-needed boost, since GDP=C+I+G+X. In addition to elimination of dividend taxation, the Bush plan proposes to make the 2001 tax cuts permanent. Again, one can argue that the wealthy are the primary beneficiaries of Mr. Bush’s tax cuts. But part of the problem stems from inherent inequities in the tax code.

Meaning in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essay -- Road Not Taken,

â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both and be one traveler† (Page 756 Stanza 1). This is the beginning of an iambic tetrameter by Robert Frost in which he expresses the thoughts of the speaker as they come to a fork in the road. The speaker faces a dilemma of deciding which path to take. Frost uses a closed form with a rhyme scheme of â€Å"ABAAB.† The speaker reaching the fork in the road is symbolism for a particular decision that he must make in life. The first stanza is setting up the situation in which the speaker must observe both choices and make a decision and stick with it. This poem allows the reader to use their imagination and is also relatable in everyone’s everyday lives. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† Robert Frost uses a good rhyme scheme, description, and symbolism to describe an important life decision as well as show the thoughts of the speaker as he makes this decision. The fork in the road is symbolic to a time in someone’s life when they are faced with making a decision that is life changing and one must stop and think about each one. The...

Mckinsey’s Knowledge Management

Competitive Advantage over other firms – Unique Resources and Capabilities Bower’s Vision – Development of Unique Organizational Culture First Mover Advantage Between Marvin Bower, Ron Daniel, and Fred Gluck, who was the most effective strategic leader? Why do you think so? Upon evaluating each individual’s strategic leadership ability based upon the six elements of effective strategic leadership, we concluded that Fred Gluck was indeed the most effective of the three individuals. The six attributes which a strategic leader can be compared against are listed below. We found that Fred Gluck’s contributions were more pronounced in elements 1 through 4, and where there was not enough material in the case to support any arguments for or against Gluck’s superiority in elements 5 and 6 (Establishing Ethincal Practices, and Establishing Balanced Organizational Controls) we can assume that the contributions of all leaders were similar, or differences were not significant. Determining Strategic Direction Exploiting and Maintaining Core Competencies Developing Human Capital Sustaining an Effective Organizational Culture Emphasizing Ethical Practices Establishing Balanced Organizational Controls {draw:frame} Determining Strategic Direction Exploiting and Maintaining Core Competencies At one time, Daniel realized that most of McKinsey’s knowledge was spread all over the company, and was not codified. Apart from a few publications (Peter’s and Waterman’s In Search of Excellence and Kenichi Ohame’s The Mind of the Strategist), there was no way of tracking what breakthroughs might have been achieved in certain projects, or what might have been some of the creative solutions that had been applied to other client projects. Here too, the most concrete efforts to consolidate company knowledge were undoubtedly those of Fred Gluck: Gluck introduced the idea of â€Å"Practice bulletins† which were short two page summaries published and distributed company wide, which highlighting some of the new emerging ideas regarding how to tackle new projects. It was under Gluck’s instruction that the Knowledge Management Project was initiated in 1987, even a year before he became Managing Director. The recommendations of the Knowledge Management Project led to the creation of the Firm Pratice Information System (FPIS), and the Practice Development Network (PDNet). These Databases eventually became the backbone of â€Å"knowledge Management† per se – a place to electronically store written reports and documents so that they would be accessible to the entire company, therefore enabling the easier spread of ideas, knowhow, and previous knowledge implementations among consultants. The Knowledge Resource Directory (KRD) – popularly known as the â€Å"Mckinsey Yellow Pages† – was a small portable pocket sized consultants’ manual was also a breakthrough introduction that took place under Gluck’s supervision. Development of Human Capital – See â€Å"Consultant Development† above. Sustaining an Effective Organizational Culture An effective organizational culture for McKinsey would have been (or would still be) one which creates a strong synergy in employee interaction within the company, especially when its core competencies are â€Å"Human Capital† and â€Å"Knowledge†. Gluck promoted this synergy, by putting in place a structure that allow those synergies to grow. The FPIS and PDNet were important elements of that, as were the â€Å"Super Group† discussions which generated great new ideas for the company to build upon. In essence, Gluck as the leader kept encouraging and coaxing consultants to expand the company’s capabilities â€Å"mentally† also – within the minds of its employees. 3) Through application of the Balanced Scorecard and the evidence in the three mini-cases of front-line activities in the mid-1990’s, how effective was the firm in the 1990’s? As evident in the mini-cases, McKinsey was highly effective throughout the 1990’s in regards to the firm’s Balanced Scorecard. Financial Perspective McKinsey was highly effective during the 1990’s in respect to financial performance. After Fred Gluck’s change in strategic direction, McKinsey was able to double revenues to an estimated $1. 5 billion during his six year term as Managing Director. This type of sizeable growth had not been seen since the early years of the firm when it was under direction of Marvin Bower. McKinsey was able to compete with BCG through Gluck’s change in strategy and win back clients and skilled recruits. Customer Perspective With respect to the Balanced Scorecards customer perspective, McKinsey was performing extremely well. This was evident in the Jeff Peters case where his three person team was able to work with a highly respected financial services company in Sydney, Australia. They were able to have a strong client impact and added value to their client because of their access to knowledge, intellectual rigor and their ability to build understanding and consensus among a diverse management. Their client was extremely satisfied with their recommendations and believed that any failures would be due to the client’s own fault. By adding more value to their clients and increasing client satisfaction with the work McKinsey consultants provided, the client base grew thus leading to better financial performance. Internal Business Processes In each of the three mini-cases, McKinsey effectively used internal business processes to grow as a firm. In the Jeff Peters case, the knowledge necessary to provide quality recommendations to the client was accessed easily by scanning the Knowledge Resource Directory, the FPIS and the PDNet. This knowledge sharing is key in providing clients with specialized solutions and helping build the individuals. Also the constant flow of consultants across offices contributed to the transfer of knowledge. The end result of the case was the development of John and Patty, two of the team members, making them ready to take on a management role in their next assignment while still providing quality recommendations that the client was completely satisfied with. In the Warwick Bray case, the specialist promotion track and practice development was exemplified. Warwick was able to leverage his technological experience and become an expert on deregulation. Warwick was able to be promoted to a co-leadership role in the practice because he established credibility with clients and not because he had a broad-based problem solving skills. At the same time, Michael Patsalos-Fox, with the help of Warwick and Sulu Soderstom, was able to develop the practice. His first goal was to make the practice interesting to attract the best associates. Patsalos-Fox also created a practice-specific intranet link designed to spread knowledge that was more focused than the firm-wide systems like PDNet. Also in the Stephen Dull case, the B to B nitiative was established because Stephen had focused on becoming an expert in this area and developing the practice. He was able to establish credibility with his colleagues and with clients which led to more client impact. Although he was still uncertain about his promotion prospects, he was reassured that 15-20% of the firm’s partners would be functional experts within the next five to seven years. By effecti vely using its internal business process, McKinsey was able to have more client impact and customer satisfaction. Learning and Growth Perspective In the Jeff Peters case, the firm actually didn’t perform well in respect to learning and growth. The team had utilized the knowledge databases to create a recommendation that satisfied the client but they were disappointed that they had not come up with anything radical and innovative. The team was afraid that it had fallen into the trap of becoming too introverted and satisfied with their own view of the world. The best examples of learning and growth were demonstrated in the Warwick Bray and Stephen Dull cases. Warwick Bray is an example of the creation of an I-shaped consultant. He had specific knowledge of deregulation and spread his knowledge with executive clients and consultant teams. In Stephan Dull’s case, he provided an excellent example of the â€Å"stewardship model† the firm want to put in place. He had taken it upon himself to increase his knowledge of B to B and ended up helping create a new Center of Competence that provided more value to clients and increased knowledge of the consultants. What is your evaluation of Rajat Gupta’s â€Å"four-pronged† approach to knowledge development and application within McKinsey? What specific risks and benefits do you see for each of the four prongs? What specific advice would you give him to address the risks and leverage the benefits? Emphasis 1 â€Å"Capitalize on the firm’s long term investment in practice development driven by the Clientele Industry Sectors and Functional Capability Groups†¦ †¦Creating some new channels, forums and mechanisms for knowledge development and organizational learning† {draw:frame} Evaluation – NOT RECOMMENDED Emphasis 2 â€Å"Grass Roots knowledge-development approach called Practice Olympics†¦ â€Å" {draw:frame} Emphasis 3 â€Å"Six special initiatives multi year assignments focusing on issues important to CEOs.. † {draw:frame} Evaluation – NOT RECOMMENDED Adding another six dedicated centers over the already numerous pre-existing Clientele Industry Sectors and Functional Capability Groups will only add to the confusion. As it is, McKinsey is having trouble with the promotion criterion of its â€Å"Specailist â€Å"I† Consultants† where they are mostly left on their own, and it is hard to measure a specailist’s performance in his area when he is, infact, the only specialist of that area in the company. While it is getting difficult to measure contribution in these â€Å"tangible† specialist areas, it makes no sense to put in place another 6 departments focusing on â€Å"emerging issues of importance to CEO’s†. Given the changing dymanic of the consulting industry – or the entire economy given its jerks and bends, it is very likely that the issues too would change over the span of years that each of these â€Å"dedicated centres† plans to spend studying each issue. Already, Gluck’s emphasis on specialization led to the creation of â€Å"72 islands of isolated activity† which had to be trimmed down by the CPDC, this is similar to such â€Å"diversification†. Emphasis 4 â€Å"Expand on the model of McKinsey global institute†¦. † {draw:frame} Creating pools of dedicated resources that study economic trends, and are free from pressures of delivering results to clients, will definitely boost the self reliance of McKinsey on its own knowledge. By studying global and local trends – such as the present economic downturn situation or the effects on the environment, McKinsey will be able to pre-empt the kinds of problems that are likely to emerge in business today, and be prepared with a solution that is more fundamentally tied into, for example, an actually prevalent or emerging economic phenomenon or trend. Having its own â€Å"high-end economic research unit† for example, will definitely be a confidence booster for the firm consultants – they will always have an avenue to turn to if they need to validate any of their recommendations on a more fundamental level.

Nursing Constipation Essay Essay

For the purpose of this assignment I have changed the chosen patients name to Scott to maintain patient confidentiality (Nursing & Midwifery Council 2004). Scott is a young boy that is 7 years of age who stays at home, in the suburbs of Aberdeen, with his mother and father and has no siblings. His mother is unemployed and father works offshore so is often not at home for long periods of time. Scott was admitted to hospital after having not had any bowl movements for a week and the previous week having only passed two stools. He reported pain whilst he passed these stools along with anal bleeding. This was not the first time he had been admitted to hospital with these symptoms in the past year. These symptoms lead to his diagnoses of suffering from chronic constipation. It was found that there were no underlying organic causes for his constipation. The modern diet of children, with a lack of fibre, can be the cause of constipation (SULLIVAN, P. B. et al, 2006). This could be true in Scott’s case as he is fussy with what foods he eats which may be a contributing factor to his constipation. Constipation is very common throughout childhood and constipation is internationally reported to affect 0. % to 36% of children (Smith and Derrett 2006). Many factors can influence constipation in children such as pain, dehydration, issues with toilet training, dietary and fluid intake and history of constipation within their families (NICE GUIDELINES). There are many symptoms for constipation and these can vary slightly in infants and children. When assessing constipation it is important that any more serious underlying causes are ruled out such as Hirschprungs’s disease, Cystic fibrosis, metabolic causes, heavy-metal poisoning or sexual abuse. This is because normal treatment for constipation in these cases will not always be the first course of action. Constipation that has no organic cause or cannot be explained by any physiological abnormalities is described as idiopathic constipation. This is almost always the diagnosis in children over the age of one (Biggs and Dery 2006). When assessing a child with constipation a discussion with the parents or guardians and child will help collect information. Stool patterns should be discussed (NICE 2010). Less than 3 proper stools per week, overflow soiling, odour more unpleasant that normal, rabbit dropping type stools or large infrequent stools are symptoms which should be noted. The Bristol Stool Chart can be used to help assess stool patterns as it classifies stool into 7 types with types 4 and 5 being normal and types 1 – 3 suggesting constipation. Distress, pain and straining whilst passing stools are also important in assessing constipation. The NICE guidelines state that if two or more of the previous symptoms are found then the child is to be diagnosed with constipation. Any previous medical history should also be addressed, like in Scott’s case, as his most recent stay in hospital was the second time in the past year that he had been admitted to hospital for constipation. Also diet should be discussed as a diet low in fiber can have a major impact and be a cause of constipation. Any family history in relation to constipation should be discussed. A physical examination can also be used to help assess the problem and would help in discovering any ‘red flags’ that could indicate that the constipation would require further investigation. The NICE guidelines also outline methods of assessing the problem that shouldn’t be carried out. Scott was assessed using the aforementioned methods. First his previous medical history was discussed. This uncovered that not only had he previously been admitted to hospital with this problem but that he didn’t often have regular bowl movements. He was experiencing difficultly when passing stools over the previous weeks and he found it very painful which lead to him trying to avoid using the toilet. This avoidance of passing stools because of fear of the pain can advance to stool retention and further reduce bowl movements (Biggs and Dery 2006). Scott’s stools were compared to the Bristol Stool Chart and found to be type 1. On discussing his diet and during his stay in hospital it was apparent that he was quite fussy about what he ate so this could perhaps have lead to a low fiber intake, which can cause constipation. However there is not currently a British recommendation for fiber intake (Sullivan, P. B. et al 2011). Scott after finding no underlying problems for his symptoms was treated for constipation. Treatment for constipation in children involves having a clear understanding of the factors affecting the individual. In some cases more than one approach may be taken. In managing constipation the steps taken are to get rid of any impaction, to establish regular bowl movements that cause no pain for the child and to try to prevent any further episodes of constipation. Firstly disimpaction of the build up fecal matter should be dealt with. There are different methods to manage this but usually medication will have a positive result without the need for surgical intervention. (NICE 2010). Laxatives are important as first line treatment and should commence as soon as possible (Rogers 2011). Movicol Paediatric Plain (Movicol PP) has been shown to be an effective and safe treatment for children presenting with impaction (Hardikar, 2007). Enemas and rectal suppositories, although effective in treating impaction, are very invasive and can upset the child having a negative effect in trying to get them to pass stools. These would only be used in cases when all other oral medication has failed to clear the retained stool. After the retained stool has been cleared Movicol PP is often used for month after to help maintain regular bowl movements. The NICE guidelines recommend that this may take several months and in some cases children may require laxative therapy for several years to prevent relapse. Family education is important in the maintenance of healthy bowl movements and also education of the child if he or she is old enough. Dietary and behavioral advise can be given to help the parents or guardians to understand why the child has had a problem with passing stools. Dietary changes such as increasing fiber intake and generally maintaining a healthy diet is often advised. This as well as encouraging drinking water regularly is usually advised to prevent dehydration, which can be a cause of constipation. (Rogers 2011). Another important issue to be addressed is toileting habits. Toileting after meals should be encouraged and the childs’ comfort on the toilet should also be addressed to reduce straining. Regular exercise can also have a positive affect in maintaining healthy bowels. Poor follow up on patients progress is a main reason for failure in treatment which is why nurses can be invaluable in ensuring success of treatment and management of children with constipation (Burnett et al, 2004). Scott was treated during his stay in hospital with Movicol PP however this in itself presented a problem, as he was very reluctant to drink it because he really didn’t like the taste. This was dealt by rewarding him when he drank all of his medication using a sticker chart as a visual encouragement. Also the nurses would play games with him surrounding drinking his Movicol to give him a positive view of drinking it to try to stop him thinking about the unpleasant taste. This worked successfully and Scott was soon drinking it with little encouragement. Scott’s stools were monitored to ensure returning o normal and drinking plenty of fluids was encouraged. The nurses tried to educate his parents on why this had happened and how to prevent it happening in the future. When his stools became less painful to pass he became less frightened to use the toilet, his fear being a main reason of his fecal impaction. Scott although living with both his parents he was normally cared for by his mother as his father worked offshore so was away for long periods of time. Scott was confident around other children in the ward but around his mother became slightly reserved. On discussion with Scott and his mother it was found that she would sometimes get frustrated with him when he wouldn’t go to the toilet and when he experienced overflow soiling which was something, which was out of his control. This would be a stressful environment for Scott, which could have worsened the situation as well as affect his mental health. Another main factor affecting Scott’s health is his diet. He didn’t eat as much as he should and when he did eat he would prefer to eat sweets and snacks rather than proper meals. This issue was addressed with his mother. Scott was kept in hospital longer due to child protection issues that were raised by a nurse regarding his mother. These issues were resolved but the negative interactions between Scott and his mother would have a serve impact on his mental health. A positive factor influencing Scott’s general health was that he was very outgoing and did well in school, which was a boost to his self-esteem. He talked of achievements in school and how well he got on with his classmates. Scott is quite an intelligent boy so educating him on things he could do to help himself not have to experience this problem again was easy to do. Scott saw his father as a role model so he would have a great part to play in Scott’s health. His father could support him in managing the problem. His family being supportive is important, as punishing Scott for the issues surrounding his constipation would only worsen the problem. Scott got quite emotional and had very negative thoughts surrounding using the toilet. These could be related to early life when he was toilet trained and be a contributing factor to his constipation.

PROMOTE THE HEALTH AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN Essay

How you adapt your practice to meet the health and physical development needs of children, taking into account age, gender, ethnicities, individual needs and abilities In my setting I help to promote children’s health and physical development through daily routines and activities. In all my activities I have in mind that children are individual. I also make use the term â€Å"one size fits all† approach to do my planning. When planning I put into consideration, the age, gender, ethnicities, experience, ability and the specific needs of each child. I aim to give all children in the setting the opportunity to succeed and reach their highest level of personal achievement. I analyse the attainment of different groups of children to ensure that all children are achieving as much as they can. I also make ongoing assessments of each child progress. Other things that I put into consideration to help me achieve my aim are; layout, safety of equipment eg: not too many small piece s, Cleaning rota, flooring-carpet, laminated flooring for easy clean, toys and equipment that challenges children I also consider children cultural/religious practices eg: some clothes worn such as sari’s can be difficult for PE, Adult ratio, dietary needs, training of staff-health and safety, health and hygiene, SchoolSAFE etc., access-are doors suitable for mobility aids. The type of indoor and outdoor activities that will encourage balance, co-ordination, gross and fine motor skills, manipulative skills and hand/eye co-ordination In my setting, I make use of environment and resources. I encourage children of all ages to play together happily because I understand the benefits of different types of play and I help children to experience play that will support their overall development. ACTIVITY BALANCE AND COORDINATION GROSS AND FINE MOTOR SKILLS HAND-EYE COORDINATION Push-and-pull toys, e.g. having dolly in a buggies Climbing, frames, slides Drawing and marks making with crayon, chalks, pencils Jigsaws and puzzles Pretend play i.e making tea, or cooking Self dressing, including buttoning and unbuttoning own clothing Riding bike and scooters Kicking,throwing and catching a ball Dancing and moving to music Walking, Running, jumping and skipping Threading and needling Play dough Computer moving the mouse Water and sand play Cutting with scissor Standing, Hopping In what circumstances you might change routines or activities, how you would adapt existing or planned activities or routines. It is very important to actively plan to meet children’s need because there is otherwise a real danger that some children’s needs might be overlooked, so in my setting I put this into consideration. Activities are usually planned with a group of children in mind, with regards to individual needs. However routines and activities could be changed if the children became bored or I run out of resources. I always have the thought about how an activity could be extended or adapted if needed at the last minute. In my setting all activities and areas of the setting are accessible to all children, there are also sufficient space between furniture and activities that allow free movement around the classroom. What the organisation’s policies and practices are regarding risk assessment and safety and why it is important to follow these? Risk assessment is about being aware of potential dangers in the children’s environment and then taking step to minimise the risk. Risk assessments must be carried out in order to identify hazards and find out the safest way to perform certain tasks and procedures. In my setting, I have a list of what and where to carry out the risk assessment so I carried out this risk assessment every morning. I follow my setting policies and practices regarding risk assessment and safety because it is important to makes my settings safe places for children. What is meant by challenging activities for individual babies and children and the link between challenging activities and developmental progress. How you encourage children to extend their range or skills and achievements. In my setting I always encourage all children of all ages and gender to increase their range or explore the range of their movement and limits of their bodies. This is achieving by: I join the children in some activities  e.g play with ball and making play dough I encourage both boys and girls to join in all activities, individually and together I make sure all children have a go, they take turn I make sure all children have equal access. I give them praise and encouragement when they perform new skill e.g well done or clapping. And at time give them award inform of sticker. K2D293 How to provide opportunities for children to rest and recover from physical activity and why this is important In my setting after physical activity I make sure children have opportunities to have a drink of water Sit down quietly or lie down in the quiet/book corner. This is because they need to catch their breath, slow their heart rates, rest their muscles and generally recharge their batteries. In my setting I also follow a routine that encourages children to relax or rest. It is important for babies, toddlers and young people to rest because it will help the growth and development, and it will help them to relax their brain. How to carry our risk assessment that takes all reasonable precautions without restricting opportunities for development; how organisational policy can support this. The government’s guidelines on healthy eating and nutrition for children and why it is important that these are followed by childcare practitioners As a practitioner it is important to follow the government’s guidelines on healthy eating and nutrition for children, so in my setting as am the one in charge of cooking and preparing snacks for children, I have recently renew my food and hygiene certificate. I make sure that healthy and nutritious food is prepared for the children as I know it is illegal to purposefully contaminated food. The nutritional needs of babies and young children differ according to their age, religion and dietary. There has been a huge amount of research into the problems of childhood obesity- caused by a combination of eating too much especially fatty and sugary food. Lots of snack between meals with little or not enough physical exercise, it has been proven beyond doubt that diet and physical activity in a child’s early years can affect health in later life. There are some guidelines for a healthy diet: Enjoy your food Eat a variety of different foods Eat the right amount to maintain a healthy weight Eat plenty of food rich in starch and fibre Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables Do not eat too many foods that contain a lot of fat Do not have sugary foods and drinks too often In my setting I try as much as possible to follow these guidelines. K2D296 What are appropriate foods to give to children, what foods are unsuitable and why Link to K2D295 K2D297 Special dietary requirements and food preparation, related to culture, ethnicity or religious beliefs In my setting as a child is registered I find out if the child has any specific dietary requirements sot that I can meet the child’s needs whilst still promoting a healthy diet. Children’s dietary requirements are often determined by their family, culture, ethnicity or religious beliefs. Christians may give up certain foods for Lent Jews may not eat pork or shellfish etc. Muslims my breast-fed until the age of two years and may not eat pork or pork products. Sikhs may be vegetarian or eat only chicken, lamb or fish  Hindus may eat no beef or be vegetarian and my drink no alcohol Why it is important that all dietary information is documented and shared with others e.g. food allergies In my setting information about all dietary is documented and shared with other staff in order to avoid any mistake as any mistake made could cause serious harm to the child’s health. Information about children’s allergies to food and drink are regularly updated in my setting. This is always discussed with parents when a child is admitted. How you can encourage healthy eating practices in children In my setting I make children to be aware of healthy foods and how good they are for their bodies. I get them involved in their food as soon as they show an interest. Introduce lots of foods with different tastes and textures East as a group as much as possible, as it will encourage children to enjoy mealtime Introduce children to multicultural healthy foods that are new and interesting Introduce children to exotic fruits and vegetables that are new and interesting Involve children in shopping and preparing healthy foods. Make myself a role model, by drinking water at all time and eating fruit and vegetable also. The need for good oral hygiene and how and why this can be encouraged In my setting, I encourage children to look after their teeth by: Brushing their teeth every morning and night Avoid sweetened drinks at any age Drinking plain water after meals Diet with plenty of calcium, fluoride, vitamins A, C and D and food that need chewing. Regularly visit to the dentist as soon as teeth appear. Principles of cross infection and basic food hygiene In my setting, I make sure children wash their hands, before and after eating, when they go to toilet they washes their hands. As the children washed their hand there is a particular song I thought them, â€Å"This is the way we wash our hands, wash our hands, wash our hands, this is the way we wash our hands all day long. Correct disposal of different types of waste according to procedures and why this is required In my setting, in several occasion I have to dispose of bodily waste like vomit, urine and faeces. I make sure this are disposed of correctly in order to avoid contamination of surfaces and materials that are used to prepare food, or that children work on. I always wear disposable gloves and apron when dealing with waste I make sure I dispose waste promptly and in the appropriate bin. I always wipe surfaces that waste has been in contact with, by using the correct fluids and cloths. I dispose of my gloves and apron and wash my hands thoroughly after dealing with waste Activities that can be undertaken by children to raise awareness of their own bodies and their health needs, according to their age, gender, needs and abilities In my setting I make sure children are aware of their own bodies at the same time teach them how to look after their body to keep them healthy and safe. This is an ongoing process for children because their bodies are changing and developing all the time. Children benefit from understanding that in order to grow and develop their body needs healthy food, water, exercise, rest and to be cared for in a hygienic way. Furthermore all children experience times when they feel unwell. I also provide activities in accordance with children’s age, gender, needs and abilities. Songs singing during circle time involving all the part of the body like ‘head shoulders, knees and toes’†¦.. Having a discussion about the theme ‘All about me’ this encourage children to focus on themselves and their bodies H olding food-tasting events for new healthy food. Pretend play, e.g. doctor and patient Details of health surveillance of children and young people, the role of immunisations and information on regimes for children Heath surveillance can be describe as close supervision or observations that are primarily carried out to detect any problems with a child or young person’s development with the aim of getting them the appropriate support and treatment in future. Child health surveillance should be carried out in partnership with the parent as they are the experts and the best people to identify health, developmental and behavioural problems in their own children. It is a positive experience for parents. In my setting, we always ask parent if they are up-to-date with their children immunisation and further explain to them the important of immunisation. Immunisation is to protect children from diseases that are very serious and could result to death or serious handicaps. It also protects children by preventing diseases from being passed on. Age immunisation is given Diseases protected against Name of vaccine Two months old Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Pneumococcal infection DTaP/IPV/Hib Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, (PCV) Three months old Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Meningitis C DTaP/IPV/Hib MenC Four months old Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Meningitis C; Pneumococcal infection DTaP/IPV/Hib MenC PCV Around 12 months old Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) Meningitis C Hib/MenC Around 13 months old Measles, mumps and rubella Pneumococcal infection MMR PCV Three years and four months or soon after Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio Measles, mumps and rubella DTaP/IPV or dTaP/IPV, MMR 13 to 18 years old Diphtheria, tetanus, polio Td/IPV 12 to 18 years old (girls only) Human papilloma virus (HPV) – increases the risk of cervical cancer HPV In addition, some babies in high-risk groups are given a BCG immunisation for protection against tuberculosis shortly after they are born. Higher risk infants may also receive immunisation against Hepatitis B. Your doctor/health visitor will give you more information if your child needs these immunisations. How chronic illnesses may affect physical development and how to access further information and support about particular conditions Children with chronic illness may be physical affected. The get tired quickly and so miss out on some activities. I need to keep track of children’s participation in the setting so as to know if they have missed key activities. But children who have chronic illnesses and physical difficulties are given opportunities to join in fully with all discussions and activities. I get support and information from the child’s parent/career as they will be  well informed, I can also search through internet, support groups and health organisation or Libraries.